tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38526924711645347132024-03-16T08:10:04.075+07:00BLOG TEKNIK & VOKASIShare Electrical Engineering And All Things That Are Useful MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.comBlogger414125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-52640489876764314602024-02-13T09:26:00.001+07:002024-02-13T10:48:51.591+07:00Film Viral Menjelang Pemilu 2024 Di indonesia Menjelang pemilu 2024 di Indonesia telah viral di jagad sosial media yakni film dokumenter yang berjudul "Dirty Vote" yang dibintangi oleh 3 orang praktisi dan pakar hukum.tata negara yaitu Zainal Arifin Mochtar, Feri Amsari dan Bivitri Susanti. Film dokumenter berdurasi 1 jam 57 menit ini disajikan ke publik dengan memaparkan dengan jelas dan terang benderang segala bentuk kecurangan pelaksanaan pemilu yang akan digelar pada tanggal 14 februari 2024. Untuk lebih jelasnya silahkan saksikan sendiri filmnya di Youtube dengan klik link <a href="https://youtu.be/mJWJRDZ5bSk?si=QBFPZksKG5hoUaPi" target="_blank">DISINI</a><div><br /></div><div> Namun jika anda sibuk dan tidak sempat menyaksikan film dokumenter tersebut, anda bisa membaca rangkuman dari cerita film dokumenter tersebut. Berikut di bawah ini merupakan rangkuman berbagai kecurangan pelaksanaan pemilu 2024 yang berhasil diungkap dalam film dokumneter tersebut.</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Analisa gabungan suara di Pulau Sumatera pada pemilu 2014 dan 2019 untuk Jokowi dan Prabowo yang diprediksi sangat menguntungkan koalisi keduanya pada pemilu 2024 nanti.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Pemekaran Papua dari 2 provinsi menjadi 6 provinsi dan langsung dilibatkannya provinsi baru tersebut dalam pemilu 2024, yang analisa suaranya akan mengarah pada paslon 02.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Penunjukkan 20 Pejabat Gubernur di seluruh Indonesia yang dipilih langsung oleh Presiden dan adanya bukti pengarahan untuk mendukung salah satu paslon.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. Kelompok Desa Bersatu menggelar acara deklarasi untuk mendukung paslon 02 dengan potensi kecurangan keterlibatan Kepala Desa yang meliputi data pemilih, penggunaan dana desa, data penerima bansos dan wewenang alokasi bansos.</div><div><br /></div><div>5. Ketidaknetralan beberapa Menteri yang masih menjabat namun tergabung dalam tim kampanye pemenangan paslon dan tidak mengajukan cuti, serta beberapa Menteri yang tidak tergabung dalam tim kampanye namun terang-terangan menunjukkan keberpihakan pada salah satu paslon.</div><div><br /></div><div>6. Ketidaknetralan Presiden yang bertemu langsung dengan pemimpin partai pendukung paslon 02 dan capres 02 dalam kondisi tidak sedang cuti bahkan menyatakan langsung di depan media.</div><div><br /></div><div>7. Penyelewengan bansos yang digunakan sebagai alat politik dan kampanye, bahkan anggaran dana bansos 2024 lebih besar daripada dana bansos pada masa pandemi covid-19.</div><div><br /></div><div>8. Adanya partai kecil pecahan partai besar yang diloloskan oleh KPU untuk mengikuti pemilu 2024 meskipun tidak memenuhi syarat, yaitu partai Gelora Indonesia (pecahan PKS) dan partai Kebangkitan Nusantara (pecahan partai Demokrat), dengan adanya indikasi manipulasi data yang salah satunya disajikan dengan bukti rekaman KPUD Minahasa Utara.</div><div><br /></div><div>9. Kronologi lengkap MK meloloskan Gibran sebagai cawapres 02 yang dirunut dari bulan Mei hingga Oktober 2023, yang mana 3 dari 9 hakim MK menyetujui seseorang di bawah umur 40 tahun tidak boleh menjadi capres/cawapres kecuali pernah/sedang menjabat sebagai kepala daerah minimal walikota, sedang 2 hakim MK concurring dengan makna setuju namun minimal gubernur dan 4 hakim MK menolak.</div><div><br /></div><div> Demikian rangkuman isi cerita film dokumneter "DIRTY VOTE" yang lagi viral dan sangat menodai pesta demokrasi 5 tahun sekali yang menhabiskan anggaran yang cukup besar ini, sehingga sangat mubazir sekali kalau pesta demokrasi tersebut hanya menghasilkan pepesan kosong karena ulah segelintir orang yang mabuk kekuasaan (sumber: jawapos.com).</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-33305474810470383632023-10-27T08:35:00.001+07:002023-10-27T09:40:53.268+07:00Buku Sistem Pembangkit Tenaga Listrik Di Industri<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sobat blogger yang berbahagia, bagimana dengan ibdah puasanya ? samapai dengan hari ini kita sudah menjalaninya selama 15 hari dan mudah-mudahan kita tetap diberi kekuatan oleh Allah swt dalam menjalani ibadah puasa tahun ini sampai lebaran nanti, amin 3x ya rabal alamin. Walaupun kita puasa kegiatan dan pekerjaan kita tidak boleh terganggu dan tetap harus berjalan bahkan justru harus meningkat, karena kita bisa lebih konsentrasi dalam berkarya hanya semata-mata mengharap pahala dan ridho dari Allah swt yang sebanyak-banyaknya di bulan Ramadhan yang suci ini.</div>
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Nah sobat blogger, atas banyaknya permintaan pengunjung blog ini dan berkat hidayah Allah swt pada bulan Ramadhan yang suci ini penulis berhasil merampungkan dan menerbitkan buku dengan judul "Sistem Pembangkit Tenaga Listrik Di Industri". Buku ini membahas tentang sistem pembangkitan tenaga listrik baik sebagai penyedia sumber listrik utama maupun sebagai penyedia sumber listrik cadangan di industri atau pabrik.Biasanya di industri sebagai penyedia sumber listrik utama digunakan sumber listrik PLN atau dengan membangun pembangkit listrik tenaga uap (PLTU), sementara sebagai penyedia sumber listrik cadangan digunakan pembangkit listrik tenaga diesel (PLTD) yang lazim dikenal dengan nama Genset. Jadi kedua jenis pembangkit tersebut (PLTU dan PLTD) yang dibahas dalam buku ini mulai dari penggerak mula, generator, sistem pengoperasian, sistem sinkrinisasi, sistem pengamanan, sistem proteksi, mantenance hingga sistem instalasi daya dan pengalihan daya baik secara manual maupun otomatis. Untuk jelasnya berikut ini disajikan daftar isi dari buku ini.</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Kata
Pengantar ……………………………………...…………………………………
i<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Daftar
Isi ……………………………………………..……………………………… ii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">BAB I.
PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sumber Listrik PLN ……………………………………..……......……… 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sumber Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) …………………….......……………
4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sumber Listrik Tenaga Diesel (PLTD)
………………….………………... 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">BAB II. PUSAT PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA UAP (PLTU) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Uji Heat Rate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Contoh Perhitungan Uji Heat Rate
……………………………..…… 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Manfaat Uji Heat Rate ……………………………………………….
11</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Komponen-Komponen PLTU<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Boiler ……………………………………………………………...…. 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Furnace …………………………………………………………... 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Cyclone ……………………………………………………..…… 17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Steam Drum …………………………………………………….. 17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Super Heater ……………………………………………………... 20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Economizer …………………………………………………...…. 21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Desuper Heater ……………………………………………….….. 21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Deaerator ……………………………………………………...…. 22</span> </div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Air Pre Heater …………………………………………………..…… 25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)
…………………………………...… 26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pulverizer ……………………………………………………………. 28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Turbin Uap ……………………………………………………...…… 30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Generator ………………………………………………………….…. 31<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Pendingin Stator ………………………………………….
32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Pendingin Rotor
………………………………………..... 33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Pengoperasian PLTU<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Suplai Udara ………………………………………………….
33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Udara Primer …………………………………………..…
33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Udara Sekunder …………………………………………..
34<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Udara Loop Seal …………………………………….……
35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem
Gas Buang (Flue Gas) ………………………………………. 36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Suplai Air dalam Boiler
…………………………………..…. 37<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Prosedur Pengoperasian Turbin Uap
……………………………...… 39<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">BAB III. PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA DIESEL (PLTD) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Komponen-Komponen Unit Genset<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Motor Diesel (Diesel Engine)
……………………………………… 40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Cara Kerja Mesin Diesel …………………………………….….
41<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Jensi-Jenis Mesin Diesel ………………………………………..
43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Starting Mesin Diesel
……………………….………….. 44</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">AMF dan ATS ………………………………………………...…… 45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Battery ……………………………………………………………… 49<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Battery Charger …………………………………………………….. 49<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Panel ACOS………………………………………………………… 50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Unit AVR …………………………………………………………... 54<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sensing Circuit …………………………………………………. 56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Comparative Amplifier ……………………………...………….
56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Amplifier Circuit ……………………………………………….. 56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Automatic Change over and mixer circuit
…………...………… 57<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Limited Circuit …………………………………………………. 57<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Phase Syncronizing Circuit ……………………………………..
58<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Thyristor Firing Circuit
…………………………………...……. 58<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">h.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Dumping Circuit …………………………………..…………….58<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Unit
Thyristor …………………………………………….…….. 58<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">j.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Minimum
Excitacy Limiter (MEL) ……………………………. 58<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">k.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Automatic Follower ……………………………………………. 59<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Generator ……………………………………………...……………. 62</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Prosedur Pengoperasian Mesin Diesel ...……………….…...…………..
63<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Pengaman Generator Pada Unit
Genset<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaman Alarm …………………………………………………… 64<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaman Trip………………………………………...……………. 64</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Pengaman Penggerak Mula Pada Unit
Genset<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Low Lubrican Oil Pressure
……………………………………….... 66<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Low Cooling Water Pressure …………………………………….....
67<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Cooling Water Over Temperature
…………………………….…… 68<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Over Speed …………………………………………………………. 69</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">E.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Merawat dan Memeriksa Sistem Pengaman
Generator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Mechanical and Visual Inspection
…………………………………. 71<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Preventive Maintenance Testing
…………………………………… 72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Visual Check ……………………………………………………….. 72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">As Found and As Left Test
………………………………...………. 73<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Acceptance Test ……………………………………………………. 73<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Primary Injection Test
……………………………………..……….. 74<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Secondary Injection Test
…………………………………………… 74<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">General Test …………………………………………...…………… 74</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">F.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Merawat Penggerak Mula dan Unit Genset
Secara Umum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Perawatan Harian ……………………………………………...……
76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Perawatan Tiap 500 Jam ……………………………………………
76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Perawatan Tiap 1.000 Jam ………………………………...………..
76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Perawatan Tiap 3.000 Jam
………………………………...……….. 77<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Perawatan Tiap 6.000
Jam………………………………......……… 77<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Perawatan Tiap 12.000 Jam
…………………………………...…… 77<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Bongkar Total(Overhoul)
…………………………………..………. 77</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">G.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem-Sistem Pendukung Pada Unit Genset<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Pelumasan ………………………………………………….. 78<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Bahan Bakar ………………………………………………...
80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Pendinginan ………………………………………………… 81<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US">BAB IV. KERJA PARALEL (SINKRONISASI) GENERATOR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Syarat-Syarat Kondisi Sinkronisasi Generator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaruh Penguatan Terhadap Daya Listrik
…………………….…. 87<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaturan Arus Beban ……………………………………….…….
87</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaruh Perbedaan Tegangan, Frekuensi
dan Beda Fasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Tegangan ………………………………………………….…………88<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Frekuensi …………………………………………………………… 88<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Perbedaan Fasa……………………………………………………… 89</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Peralatan Dalam Sinkronisasi Generator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Frekuensimeter …………………………………………………..…. 90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Voltmeter AC………………………………………………….……. 90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Lampu-Lampu Serempak…………………………………...……….
90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sambungan Gelap ……………………………….………………90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sambungan Terang …………………………………………….. 91<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sambungan Cahaya Putar ……………………………………… 92</span> </div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Phase Sequence
Indicator…………………………………….…….. 93<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Synchronouscope ………………………………………….……….. 94<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Volt Nol Meter …………………………………………….……….. 96<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Catode Ray Oscilosope (CRO) ……..…………………...………… 97<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Spesifikasi CRO …………………………………………...…… 98<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Fungsi Tombol Kontrol Pada Panel CRO
……………………… 99<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Seting Up CRO ……………………………..………………… 102<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Cara Kalibrasi CRO ……………………………………….…..
104<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Teknik Pengukuran Menggunakan CRO
…………...………… 105<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Prinsip Kerja Sinkronisasi Generator
………………….…………..….. 108<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.25pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US">BAB V. SISTEM
PROTEKSI PEMBANGKIT TENAGA LISTRIK <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 62.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Skema Sistem Proteksi Pembangkit Tenaga
Listrik .……………….…. 111<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 62.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan Pada Pembangkit Tenaga Listrik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Jenis-Jenis Gangguan Pada Generator
……………………….……. 111<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan Penggerak Mula …………………………………….
115<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan Hilangnya Penguatan
Medan……………………….. 115<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan Arus Lebih ……………………………………….....
115<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan Putaran Lebih ……………………………………….
116<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan Tegangan Lebih …………………………………….
116<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan Ketidakseimbangan Beban
……………………….... 117<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan Isolasi ………………………………………………. 117<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">h.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan Yang Relatif Jarang Terjadi
……………………...… 118<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan
Yang Sering Terjadi ……………………………….. 118<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">j.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan
Yang Sulit Dideteksi ……………………….………. 118 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Jenis-Jenis Gangguan Pada Mesin Penggerak
…………………….. 119<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Tekanan Minyak Pelumas Terlalu
Rendah…………………….. 119<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Suhu Air Pendingin atau Suhu Bantalan
Terlalu Tinggi …….... 119<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Daya Balik …………………………………………………….. 119<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Putaran Lebih ………………………………………………….. 120<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Tegangan Lebih ……………………………………..………… 120<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Tekanan dan Kebocoran Hidrogen
……………………………. 120</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 62.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Proteksi Pada Stator Generator Unit
Pembangkit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Prisip Kerja Relai Diferential
…………..………………………….. 120<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Penyetelan Relai Diferential
…………………………………...….. 122<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Data-Data Yang Dibutuhkan
…………………………………... 123<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Prosedur Perhitungan ……………………………………..……
123</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengoperasian Relai Diferential
……………………………..……. 124<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Operasi Relai Pada Saat Gangguan Luar
…………………...…. 125<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Operasi Relai Pada Saat Gangguan Dalam
……………….…… 125<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Operasi Relai Pada Saat Masuknya Arus
Magnetisasi ………... 125</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaman Stator Terhadap Hubung Tanah
……………………….. 125<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Proteksi Generator Pada Pentanahan Secara
Langsung ………….... 126<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Proteksi Generator Pada Pentanahan dengan
R Besar dan Kecil ..... 126<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaman Stator Generator terhadap Panas
Lebih …………………128</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaman Pada Rotor Generator Unit
Pembangkit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaman Hilang Penguatan ………………………………………
130<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaman Gangguan Tanah Pada Medan
…………………………. 131<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Proteksi Thd Panas Lebih Akibat Ketidakseimbangan
Arus Stotor . 132</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 62.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">E.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Per Satuan Unit dan Perhitungan
Gangguan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Kuantitas Per Unit ………………………………………………….
133<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Mengubah Dasar dari Kuantitas Per Unit
………………………..... 135<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Impedansi dan Gangguan Pada Generator
…………………...……. 136<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Arus Peralihan Pada Generator Serempak
………………………… 137<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Impedansi Urutan …………………………………………………..
137<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Perhitungan Macam-Macam Gangguan Pada
Generator …..……… 137</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">F.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaman Lain Pada Generator Unit
Pembangkit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaman Arus Lebih …………………………………………..….
138<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaman Tegangan Lebih
…………………………………….….. 139<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaman Terhadap Vibrasi
………………………………………. 139<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaman Terhadap Pemanasan Bantalan
………………………… 140<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Penekanan Medan ……………………………………………….....
140<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaman Daya ………………………………………………...…. 140<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaman Terhadap Gangguan Luar
Generator………………….... 141<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaman Terhadap Gangguan Dalam
Generator…………………. 142<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Hubung Singkat Antar Fasa ……………………………………
142<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Hubung Singkat Fasa ke Tanah ………………………………..
142<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Suhu Tinggi ……………………………………………………. 144<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Penguatan Hilang …………………………………………...….
145<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Arus Urutan Negatif (Negative Sequence
Current) …………… 145<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Hubung Singkat Dalam Circuit Rotor
………………….……… 146<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Black Out………………………………………………………. 146<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">h.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Over Flux………………………………………………………. 147<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US">BAB VI. INSTALASI PEMBANGKIT TENAGA LISTRIK DI
INDUSTRI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Data Spesifikasi Generator Di Industri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Generator Dengan Penggerak Mula Turbin
Uap I dan II …………. 148<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Generator Dengan Penggerak Mula Turbin
Uap III ……………… 149<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Generator Dengan Penggerak Mula Mesin
Diesel I ………………. 150<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Generator Dengan Penggerak Mula Mesin
Diesel II ……………… 151</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Peralatan Penghubung, Pengaman &
Pengatur Tegangan Pada Pembangkit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Saklar-Saklar (Switches)
…………………………………………... 153<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengatur Tegangan (Voltage Regulator)
………………………..… 154<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Modul GV (Generator Voltage Regulating
Module) …….……. 155<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Modul GX (Generator Excitation Regulating
Module) ……..… 156<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Modul SE (Sensor Exciter Module)
…………………………… 157<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Modul TH (Throtle Response Circuit
Module) ……………….. 158<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Modul EL (Excitation Limit and Protection
System Module)…. 160<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Modul FP (Feedback Power Module)
…………………………. 161<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Peralatan Pengaman ………………………………………………..
163<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Fuse (Sekering) ………………………………………...……… 163<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Circuit Breaker (Pemutus Rangkaian)
………………………… 163<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Saklar Pengalih Daya …………………………………….…….
163<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Mater-Meter (Alat Ukur Listrik)
……………………………….….. 169</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Instalasi Daya Listrik Di Industri
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<span lang="EN-US">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span><span lang="EN-US"> …………………………………………………………........ 173<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Buku ini sangat cocok bagi calon operator pembangkit dan teknisi listrik di industri atau bagi siapapun yang ingin mempelajari tentang sistem pembangkitan tenaga listrik di industri. Bagi yang berminat ingin memiliki buku ini penulis telah menyediakan dalam <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2</span> pilhan bentuk yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><b>1. Bentuk Buku Cetakan pada kertas HVS 70 gr (Isi), Glossy 230 gr (Cover), ukuran 28 x 20 cm, setebal 183 halaman hanya seharga Rp. 110.000 belum termasuk ongkos kirim (Pengiriman via Pos, JNE<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> atau</span> J&T).</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghXl1JZjnwKnU8qpEBF7KWtTGAluW6M36LqoHWUzCPkjuuOskNC7blNqq_yeadgI28UXYrXGEtDgDQSAhNCIkV7M11GLKvZXZMaSIGw4WXav0VYCqtwQC2SmRJiGJ4ppfh1aZmZDKg2mKI/s1600/photobuku.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="555" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghXl1JZjnwKnU8qpEBF7KWtTGAluW6M36LqoHWUzCPkjuuOskNC7blNqq_yeadgI28UXYrXGEtDgDQSAhNCIkV7M11GLKvZXZMaSIGw4WXav0VYCqtwQC2SmRJiGJ4ppfh1aZmZDKg2mKI/s1600/photobuku.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b>2</b>. <b>Bentuk Ebook yang dikemas dalam kepingan CD/DVD dengan format file Pdf sebesar 7 MB, hanya seharga Rp. 55.000 belum termasuk ongkos kirim (Pengiriman via Pos, JNE atau J&T).</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjPJNjNxylsJgcOAYaX8qiGNw__T_v1RN1SIaXbZGGkkgdtvQN-FcHjEvZj8jryDFOZtllUFneBrcCR45QY8-iNNAVLpV1zjxKP9-7vDjEWdAkNqqfqKP3b8GEvRvkXJns2f-8PfMCNGv6/s1600/CD10.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1414" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjPJNjNxylsJgcOAYaX8qiGNw__T_v1RN1SIaXbZGGkkgdtvQN-FcHjEvZj8jryDFOZtllUFneBrcCR45QY8-iNNAVLpV1zjxKP9-7vDjEWdAkNqqfqKP3b8GEvRvkXJns2f-8PfMCNGv6/s400/CD10.jpg" width="352" /></a></div>
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<b>3. Ebook Pdf yang dikirim via email, hanya seharga Rp. 45.000 (gratis ongkos kirim).</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b>Pemesanan buku/ebook silahkan </b><b>langsung belanja di https://lstolshop.bukaolshop.site</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>Bisa juga order di toko online "listron surya teknik" yang ada di shopee, tokopedia, lazada, bukalapak dan blibli.</b></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-25848391179736488042020-03-01T08:11:00.001+07:002020-03-01T08:38:04.394+07:00Kontrol Instalasi Penerangan Kamar Hotel Dengan PLC (Zelio Smart Relay)<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sobat bloger yang
pernah menginap di hotel tentu tidak asing lagi dengan kondisi lampu penerangan
dan peralatan listrik/elektronik seperti Televisi (TV), kulkas, Air Conditioner
(AC) dan lainnya yang ada di kamar hotel tersebut, dimana pengendaliannya sudah
cukup otomatis. Biasanya dalam sebuah kamar hotel terdapat lampu peneranga umum
(Lpu), lampu tidur (Ltdr), lampu kamar mandi (Lkm), stop kontak untuk TV,
kulkas dan AC. Cara pengendaliannya biasanya sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">-</span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lampu penerangan umum biasanya dapat
dikendalikan dari 2 tempat yakni dari tempat ruangan kamar tersebut (I2) dan
dari tempat tidur (I3).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Lampu tidur hanya dapat dikendalikan
dari 1 tempat yakni dari tempat tidur tersebut (I4).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Lampu kamar mandi hanya dapat dikendalikan
dari 1 tempat yakni dari tempat kamar mandi tersebut (I5).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Dan semua lampu penerangan dan peralatan
listrik/elektronik (TV, kulkas, AC dll) dapat dikendalikan dari saklar utama
(master switch) yang ada di dalam ruangan kamar tersebut (I6).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Sedangkan dari luar ruangan kamar
tersebut semua lampu penerangan dan peralatan listrik/elektronik (TV, kulkas, AC dll) juga dapat dikendalikan dengan Key Card (CC) atau kartu yang digunakan untuk
membuka dan menutup pintu kamar hotel tersebut (I1).</span></div>
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Dalam pembahasan kali penulis tidak membahas atau menggambarkan desain diagram
single line dan diagram pengawatan kabel intalasi penerangan kamar hotel
tersebut mulai dari tataletak saklar, lampu dan stop kontak hingga jalur
kabelnya. Tetapi penulis hanya membahas dan menggambarkan diagram kontrol dan
diagram pengawatan PLC saja, dalam hal ini yang digunakan adalah zelio smart
relay. Untuk lebih jelasnya sobat bloger dipersilahkan memperhatikan dan mempelajari
gambar-gambar yang penulis sajikan berikut ini.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK_leBRFlKOqGhZ7fQFdzwnKJoHvDby_hzoGeg1OM74c17OoVFJT01cJQQNl8Xt_vfv7hcR7MgffR5ItrOqWyDUbMmoMBZN8qMAhb9-_Gzc8BOozfitGABRj2LWh18cXLXwwr6klkc2oj0/s1600/Ladder01.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK_leBRFlKOqGhZ7fQFdzwnKJoHvDby_hzoGeg1OM74c17OoVFJT01cJQQNl8Xt_vfv7hcR7MgffR5ItrOqWyDUbMmoMBZN8qMAhb9-_Gzc8BOozfitGABRj2LWh18cXLXwwr6klkc2oj0/s1600/Ladder01.JPG" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gambar 1. Diagram ladder zelio smart relay</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkpRWSOZTSnqN4AscPhEkX7Q0S6gwcORU69yNL13_jqCKnORRO-vqrOWG1DX8rb8uvLED9H-OX7fvSJwe3enUa-rVCFFqBXa0zCxiWQ6cHUrS-vx21nhO2IdHAh4k52HKwln5tGar-jpRJ/s1600/Ladder02.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkpRWSOZTSnqN4AscPhEkX7Q0S6gwcORU69yNL13_jqCKnORRO-vqrOWG1DX8rb8uvLED9H-OX7fvSJwe3enUa-rVCFFqBXa0zCxiWQ6cHUrS-vx21nhO2IdHAh4k52HKwln5tGar-jpRJ/s1600/Ladder02.JPG" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gambar 2. Diagram ladder zelio smart relay (lanjutan)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkDVUTBm_RnnJkh8jMzqSsBMTEIIcTSQ0gSdgQCfFBT8kSNOTBa8sBYqTSiWdujpYEs9wMUlYS8ttpnMXB7gJRzHnBmNT67wNCCvvIU06IzUU16NrfG370l5f-pg0sTwgsCfDAX9JzIsVV/s1600/Pengawatan03.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="577" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkDVUTBm_RnnJkh8jMzqSsBMTEIIcTSQ0gSdgQCfFBT8kSNOTBa8sBYqTSiWdujpYEs9wMUlYS8ttpnMXB7gJRzHnBmNT67wNCCvvIU06IzUU16NrfG370l5f-pg0sTwgsCfDAX9JzIsVV/s1600/Pengawatan03.JPG" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gambar 3. Diagram pengawatan zelio smart relay</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Catatan :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Untuk keperluan praktek pembelajaran dalam mensimulasikan program zelio smart relay untuk instalasi kamar hotel tersebut dapat dibuat trainer, salah satunya seperti gambar berikut ini.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKR3ZRfcNMSKC5GbGup4cUSa8Q54XIwDtZ0Qa7GWcapLyIw_cNyMT26zdIGflPHTrdL31slBmw-JQaP9FUfWPMEQphqaWxv2L6VdJ-j834FYS1S21WN0UO7eOp7o646z7jtZ7CDfr4iMVq/s1600/Trainer02.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKR3ZRfcNMSKC5GbGup4cUSa8Q54XIwDtZ0Qa7GWcapLyIw_cNyMT26zdIGflPHTrdL31slBmw-JQaP9FUfWPMEQphqaWxv2L6VdJ-j834FYS1S21WN0UO7eOp7o646z7jtZ7CDfr4iMVq/s1600/Trainer02.JPG" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gambar 4. Trainer pengendalian instalasi penerangan dengan zelio smart relay</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-25772326114263516122020-01-05T10:41:00.004+07:002020-01-05T10:45:16.668+07:00Mungkinkah Internet Via Kabel Listrik (Jala-Jala PLN) Dikembangkan Di Indonesia?<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></strong>
<strong style="line-height: 150%;">Power Line Communication (PLC)</strong></div>
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Power Line Communication adalah teknologi komunikasi yang menggunakan
koneksi kabel listrik pada jaringan listrik PLN yang telah ada untuk memberikan
pasokan energi listrik, dan disaat yang bersamaan juga dapat digunakan untuk
mentransfer data dan transmisi suara. Kecepatan maksimal yang bisa diraih
dengan menggunakan teknologi ini kurang lebih hampir mendekati kecepatan
koneksi transmisi data dengan menggunakan fiber optic, mulai dari 256 Kbit/s
sampai 45 Mbit/s.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbYnOLitmnxEYLoznXi6NA2A5xvExsTtDKpwRFQ-G0XpWyUYnxp9CLfLZYixMa83yJWBbsET2lmPZxFM6bYoaVzxOYWxOiZPTomOPwk-up7T2IZ0XDPDbhzHbmUzqoUHT7HL7cl4b_Rbb_/s1600/gambar1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbYnOLitmnxEYLoznXi6NA2A5xvExsTtDKpwRFQ-G0XpWyUYnxp9CLfLZYixMa83yJWBbsET2lmPZxFM6bYoaVzxOYWxOiZPTomOPwk-up7T2IZ0XDPDbhzHbmUzqoUHT7HL7cl4b_Rbb_/s1600/gambar1.jpg" /></a></div>
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Gambar 1</div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"> Jika koneksi internet dengan menggunakan kabel
daya jala-jala PLN, maka koneksi internet yang selama ini memakai kabel
komunikasi dengan port RJ11 atau RJ45 akan diganti dengan kabel jala-jala
langsung dari kabel daya PLN. Hal ini bisa dilakukan karena memanfaatkan medan
elektromagnet yang ditimbulkan oleh akitivitas penghantaran arus listrik (Hukum
Maxwell). Jadi kita cukup pasang line di rumah aja sudah bisa berselancar di
dunia maya.</span></div>
<div style="background: #F7F7F7; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Perlu sobat ketahui bahwa aliran
arus listrik itu sesungguhnya dapat digunakan untuk menjadi pembawa (carrier)
sinyal informasi dan data, karena sinyal dan data itu sendiri dapat dikonversi
dari format digital menjadi analog. Kita juga tidak usah takut kesetrum, karena
koneksi internet ini system Broadband Over Power Lines (BPL) menggunakan carrier
yang bermain pada frekuensi yang rendah pada kabel listrik bertegangan AC.
Kalau kita ingin mengakses internet dari colokan listrik begini, kita harus
punya “modem” khusus BPL dan ini berbeda dengan modem konvensional yang
berbasis koneksi telefon (dial-up) atau lainnya.</div>
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Dengan teknologi jaringan telepon kabel tersebut, kita bebas mengakses
Internet tanpa menutup peluang jika ada telepon yang akan masuk. Ini merupakan
kelebihan yang nyata dari jaringan telepon melalui kabel listrik yang dimiliki
PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) yang menghubungan dari rumah yang satu ke
rumah yang lain, semula teknologi PLC tersebut kurang ditanggapi karena banyak
peminat yang ragu-ragu, takut kesetrum dan merasa belum aman. Namun, kini para
pengguna jasa yang diselenggarakan oleh anak perusahaan PLN, yakni PT Indonesia
Comnets Plus (Icon+) dapat dinikmati benar kemudahan yang tersedia, namun sayang
yang dapat menikmati baru sebatas keluarga besar PT PLN, itupun yang tinggal di
pulau Jawa dan Bali.</div>
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Gambar 2</div>
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<strong style="line-height: 150%;">Skematik Internet Via
Kabel Listrik AC</strong></div>
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Secara teoritis kabel listik memang bisa digunakan untuk membawa “paket
data” seperti halnya kabel telepon dan kaber fiber optic yang lazim digunakan
untuk koneksi internet. dan pengaplikasiannya untuk koneksi internet disebut
Broadband Over Power Lines (BPL). Koneksi internet system BPL ini menggunakan
carrier yang bermain pada frekuensi yang rendah pada kabel listrik bertegangan
AC. Kalau dianalogikan, ibaratnya di dalam kabel listrik yang bertegangan AC,
yang bisa membuat kita kesetrum itu bisa disusupin paket data dan bahkan suara
dalam gelombang listrik arus bolak balik (AC) yang frekuensinya lebih rendah
dibandingkan dengan frekuensi gelombang listrik AC-nya sendiri. Jadi dalam satu
kabel seolah-olah ada dua kabel yang berbeda, satu untuk menghantarkan arus
listrik AC (ada setrumnya) dan satu lagi untuk koneksi internet.</div>
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<strong>Pengiriman Data Melalui
Listrik Arus Bolak-Balik (AC)<o:p></o:p></strong></div>
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Secara prinsip, pengiriman data melalui kabel listrik AC ini dilakukan
dengan menumpangkan sinyal komunikasi yang berisi data di bawah frekuensi
aliran listrik. Proses penumpangan sinyal data ini membutuhkan frekuensi
gelombang skala rendah, 1-50 Hz. Data mengalir melalui kabel fiber optik
tegangan tinggi. Kemudian di awal proses, sinyal sinyal data tadi masuk ke ISP (milik
Icon+). Dari sini, data mulai ditumpangkan ke dalam aliran listrik tegangan
menengah, lalu dibagi dalam dua jalur: via kabel fiber optik dan kabel tegangan
tinggi. Data yang menumpang tadi terlebih dahulu masuk ke dalam gardu
distribusi listrik, untuk mengubah tegangan listriknya dari tegangan menengah
ke tegangan rendah.</div>
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Dengan teknologi PLC, sinyal-sinyal telekomunikasi (data, gambar dan
voice) dapat ditumpangkan atau diinjeksikan kejaringan listrik tegangan rendah
dengan frekuensi 1-30 HZ) dari jaringan data eksternal. Analoginya, arus
listrik mengalir seperti air laut yang menghasilkan gelombang dan buih.
Gelombang adalah arusnya, sedangkan buih berupa noisenya. Noise inilah yang
dimanfaatkan oleh Teknologi PLC untuk menghantarkan sinyal suara dan data.</div>
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<strong>Aplikasi Teknologi PLC<o:p></o:p></strong></div>
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Komponen sistem tenaga listrik dibagi dalam 3 bagian utama, yaitu
pembangkitan, transmisi dan distribusi. Adanya kendala ekonomis, maka dalam
proses penyalurannya dilakukan transformasi tegangan oleh transformator,
sehingga pada masing-masing bagian memiliki level tegangan yang berbeda-beda,
sehingga secara umum sistem tenaga listrik dibagi menjadi 4 bagian.</div>
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Pada proses pendistribusian listrik ke titik-titik pelanggan, agar
besarnya tegangan sesuai standar peralatan pelanggan (220 V), maka melalui
trafo distribusi tegangan 12 kV diturunkan menjadi 380 V. Jaringan dengan
tegangan 20 kV/380 V inilah yang disebut jaringan tegangan rendah. Trafo Distribusi
di Indonesia biasanya diletakkan tergantung pada tiang-tiang listrik. Jelaslah bahwa
titik injeksi penumpangan atau penitipan sinyal-singal telekomunikasi
diinjeksikan ke jaringan listrik dari jaringan data eksternal, seperti kabel
tembaga koaksial, kabel optik fiber, atau bahkan jaringan satelit adalah pada
Trafo Distribusi.</div>
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</div>
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Sistem PLC cukup menarik untuk digunakan, oleh karena membutuhkan
koneksi ke intrastruktur jaringan Internet yang lebih sedikit, dimana koneksi
dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan infrastruktruk jaringan listrik yang telah ada.
Seperti yang ditampilkan pada gambar berikut ini. Untuk koneksi ke jaringan
Internet hanya perlu dari router PLC utama ke Internet (ISP) ini dapat
dilakukan baik menggunakan wireless ataupun menggunakan leased line (saluran
kontrak). Dari tiap rumah ke router PLC tersebut dapat digunakan modem PLC. Apabila
router PLC di atas dioperasikan oleh perusahaan penyedia jaringan listrik
(misal di gardu-gardu listrik sekitar perumahan), maka ini dapat merubah
perusahaan jaringan listrik juga menjadi penyedia jasa akses Internet.</div>
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Gambar 3</div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"> Dengan menggunakan teknologi PLC ini tidak
saja akses Internet, tapi juga dapat digunakan sebagai perangkat komunikasi
suara (VoIP), transmisi video (video on demand) ataupun lainnya. Kecepatan data
transfer yang bisa dicapai maksimal sekarang adalah sekitar 4,5 Mbps berarti
sekitar 70 kali lebih cepat dari ISDN. Sehingga memungkinkan layanan yang
menggabungkan penyediaan listrik, dan penyedia jasa komunikasi. Maka tak
mengherankan para penyedia jasa akses Internet melalui jaringan listrik ini
adalah perusahaan penyedia layanan listrik.</span></div>
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</div>
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Ide menggabungkan sinyal-sinyal komunikasi dan listrik pada suatu jalur
transpotasi tunggal merupakan suatu harapan nyata. Prosedur aplikasi Teknologi
PLC dibagi dalam dua zona: prosedur yang diperuntukkan untuk sisi luar gedung
(outdoor) dan prosedur sisi dalam gedung (indoor). Dalam zona outdoor,
infrastruktur telekomunikasi konvensional digunakan untuk menghubungkan stasiun
jaringan lokal dengan jaringan listrik atau suatu backbone internet khusus.
Bergantung pada jarak dan kondisi lokal, koneksi dimungkinkan oleh saluran kabel
tembaga ataupun fiber optic. Stasiun jaringan lokal menggabungkan data dan
sinyal data pada grid listrik dan mengirimkannya sebagai data stream ke setiap
soket yang terhubung di rumah tangga, yaitu ke ujung user via jaringan tegangan
rendah. Komponen sistem dijelaskan pada gambar 4 di bawah ini.</div>
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Gambar 4</div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"> Titik akses outdoor atau Outdoor Access
Point (OAP), melanjutkan data stream yang masuk ke jaringan indoor, dan suatu
master indoor dalam kontrol rumah tangga dan mengkoordinasikan semua sinyal
data yang ditransmitkan. Adapter-adapter menengah memisahkan data dan daya pada
soket dan melanjutkan data ke aplikasi perorangan. Teknologi powerline membawa
data stream dan sinyal suara ke soket dalam suatu bangunan via jaringan
tegangan rendah. Outdoor Master (OM) beraksi sebagai administrator untuk sistem
outdoor dan sebagai gatway yang menghubungkan sistem PLC dengan jaringan
backbone. OAP menghubungkan sistem outdoor dan sistem indoor. Sisi luar,
menunjukkan fungsi dari adapter (slave) sedangkan sisi dalamnya bekerja sebagai
master dan bertanggungjawab untuk administrator sistem indoor.</span></div>
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Adapter (gambar 5) indoor menyediakan interface antara jaringan data
internal seperti PC, printer dan telepon pada satu sisi, dan jaringan backbone
untuk internet, telepon dan aplikasi sejenis pada sisi lainnya. Adapter yang
memiliki komunikasi pada frekuensi sistem outdoor juga tersedia untuk koneksi
ke sistem indoor. Adapter dilengkapi dengan interface standar (Ethernet, USB,
analog A/B interface telepon), yang dihubungkan antara soket dan terminal,
sedangkan repeater untuk menguatkan sinyal melalui jarak yang lebih panjang.</div>
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Gambar 5</div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"> Unit-unit outdoor (master, titik akses dan
repeater) dihubungkan dengan semua fasa menggunakan kabel tetap. Sinyal PLC
dipisahkan antara dua dari tiga fasa. Sebagai hasilnya, pensinyalan dapat
menjadi lebih optimal, ini suatu pilihan yang tidak diberikan oleh adapter. Dalam
hal ini secara langsung dapat dihubungkan ke soket via suatu kabel listrik
konvensional, dengan menghubungkan sinyal antara konduktor fasa dan netral.
Konsep ini, ternyata sama dengan konsep pendistribusian tenaga listrik ke rumah
tangga, dimana besarnya beban (daya) pada ketiga fasanya selalu diupayakan seimbang.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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Gambar 6</div>
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<strong style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></strong></div>
<div style="background: #F7F7F7; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<strong style="line-height: 150%;">Kendala Aplikasi Sistem PLC</strong></div>
<div style="background: #F7F7F7; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Mengalirnya listrik pada suatu penghantar dapat menyebabkan terjadinya
drop tegangan (Voltage Drop) pada penghantar tersebut, sehingga menyebabkan
ketidakstabilan tegangan atau selalu berfluktuasi. Juga tingkah laku fisik dari
jaringan berubah setiap adanya peralatan yang dimatikan dan dinyalakan (On/Off).
Kondisi ini jauh berbeda dengan jalur telekomunikasi, yang dapat kita katakan wajib
memiliki kestabilan, sehingga kondisi sperti tersebut dapat mengganggu lalu
lintas suara dan data memiliki sedikit kemungkinan untuk terjadi kegagalan.<br />
Kabel listrik juga merupakan
sistem terbuka (open network) dimana jaringan listrik merupakan suatu antenna sehingga
sinyal bisa keluar yang dapat menimbulkan ElectoMagnetic Interference (EMI)
yang dapat mengganggu sistem komunikasi dan juga terbuka dari luar, dimana
sinyal/noise dari luar bisa masuk dan sistemnya mudah terganggu. Selain kedua
kendala tersebut masih terdapat kendala-kendala lain dari PLC, yaitu sebagai
berikut:</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Noise<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Setiap
jaringan listrik menerima sinyal listrik yang diradiasikan oleh alat-alat pada
jaringan tersebut dan diemisikan oleh sumber-sumber lainnya. Karena itu mengapa
setiap jaringan listrik dapat dikarakterisasikan oleh suatu yang kita sebut
noise. Noise pada saluran daya sebagian besar disebabkan oleh peralatan listrik
yang terhubung ke saluran, seperti proses switching penyuplai-penyuplai daya.</div>
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Kualitas
kirim suara dan data dipengaruhi oleh bandwidth, frekuensi yang digunakan, dan
rasio sinyal-noise atau signal to noise ratio (SNR). Bandwidth tinggi dicapai
dengan menggunakan kisaran frekuensi yang tinggi atau dengan menaikkan tingkat
SNR. Untuk menaikkan tingkat SNR, dibutuhkan injeksi sinyal yang lebih tinggi.</div>
<div style="background: #F7F7F7; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Distorsi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Permasalahan lain yang harus diatur pada jaringan listrik adalah
distorsi (penyimpangan). Dimana distorsi ini dapat muncul selama durasi waktu
milidetik sampai beberapa menit. Distorsi tidak hanya disebabkan oleh peralatan
listrik sepertsi mesin bor, oven microwave, blender dsb, tetapi juga disebabkan
oleh lampu-lampu yang di-on/off-kan.</div>
<div style="background: #F7F7F7; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Atenuasi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Salah satu problem utama dari system PLC adalah atenuasi (peredaman)
sinyal yang sangat tinggi, terutama jika frekuensi kerjanya diatas kisaran puluhan
Hertz. Adanya Atenuasi akan menyebabkan menurunkan tingkat sinyal pada suatu
jarak tertentu.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Disturbansi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Kejangglan sistem PLC lainnya adalah sering terjadi berbagai macam
disturbansi dari jaringan. Jaringan tegangan rendah tidak dapat membangun
transmisi data dan ada beberapa kerugian untuk pemakaian dalam telekomunikasi.
Karena itu jaringan PLC kelihatan menjadi lebih terganggu dari pada jaringan
komunikasi kawat lainnya. Karena aturan regulasi yang ketat untuk radiasi
elektromagnetik dari jaringan PLC terhadap lingkungan, sistem PLC harus bekerja
dengan PLC sebagai teknologi yang memanfaatkan saluran listrik untuk
menumpangkan sinyal suara dan data, tentunya dihadapkan kendala-kendala yang
cukup rumit. Hal ini disebabkan berbagai kenyataan bahwa PLC mengambil tempat
secara langsung pada jaringan dimana kebanyakan dari peralatan listrik rumah
tangga dioperasikan, akibatnya level noise pada jaringan akan menjadi tinggi.
Level noise bergantung pada sejumlah keadaan, seperti alam dan sumber-sumber
buatan dari radiasi elektromagnetik, struktur fisik dan parameter jaringan.
Beberapa kendala aplikasi yang terkait dengan jaringan listrik adalah noise,
distorsi, disturbansi dan atenuasi, tentunya hal ini akan mempengaruhi kualitas
dari pengiriman suara dan data, sehingga diperlukan suatu metode modulasi yang
mampu memberikan solusi pemecahannya. daya sinyal yang sangat rendah. Hal itu
membuat sistem PLC lebih sensitif terhadap disturbansi dan sistem transmisi PLC
harus menghadapi problem ini. Sampai kini SNR cukup untuk menghindari
disturbansi dalam jaringan, namun tidak ada pemakaian metode khusus untuk
melawan disturbansi.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Metode Modulasi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Secara
konseptual sistem transmisi PLC cukup sederhana, yaitu dengan cara “menitipkan”
sinyal data telekomunikasi pada noise yang ada pada energi listrik. Namun,
secara teknis untuk menumpangkan sinyal data diperlukan frekuensi rendah dengan
kisaran 1-50 Hz dan membutuhkan kondisi tegangan listrik yang stabil. Disisi
lain, kualitas kirim suara dan data dipengaruhi oleh bandwidth, frekuensi yang
digunakan, dan SNR. Bandwidth tinggi dicapai dengan menggunakan kisaran
frekuensi yang tinggi atau dengan menaikkan level SNR. Untuk menaikkan level
SNR, dibutuhkan injeksi sinyal yang lebih tinggi. Sementara standar frekuensi
yang dialokasikan untuk PLC berada sekitar 1-50 hz.</div>
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PLC harus
bekerja dengan daya sinyal/frekuensi yang rendah. Karena pada frekuensi tinggi
bisa terjadi radiasi dari kabel listrik yang dapat mengganggu frekuensi
lainnya. Ketentuan ini berlawanan dengan kebutuhan SNR yang tinggi karena
beragam gangguan bisa muncul. Proses mencapai nilai SNR yang bagus dihadapkan
kendala munculnya efek radiasi oleh kabel listrik. Padahal nilai SNR yang
dibutuhkan harus mampu mengatasi noise background yang mungkin muncul.</div>
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Masalah
tersebut dapat diatasi dengan cara menggunakan dua buah metode modulasi. Yang
pertama adalah Teknik Modulasi CDM (Code Division Multiplexing) atau Spread
Spectrum. Dalam menggunakan metode ini, sinyal informasi dapat tersebar dalam
kisaran frekuensi yang lebar. Tingkat sinyal informasi dibuat sangat rendah
dengan harapan tidak akan terganggu tingkat noise yang sangat tinggi di PLC.</div>
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Kedua, dengan menggunakan Teknik Modulasi OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiflexing). Metode modulasi ini dipergunakan banyak
vendor karena dinilai cukup stabil. Efisiensi modulasinya dapat mencapai 5 bit
per hertz yang lebih tinggi dari metode modulasi lainnya.<span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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Jadi kesimpulannya sangat mungkin internet via kabel jala-jala listrik PLN atau power line comunication (PLC) dikembangkan di Indonesia, khususnya daerah-daerah yang sudah terdapat jaringan listrik PLN. Namun semuanya tergantung dari kebijakan pemerintah, dalam hal ini Kementrian BUMN yang menanungi dua perusahaan negara PT. PLN dan PT. TELKOM, karena pengembangan teknologi PLC ini memerlukan sinergitas antara kedua perusahan tersebut.</div>
<br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-66543621713984023562019-11-30T17:47:00.006+07:002023-10-27T09:04:16.107+07:00Buku Pengetahuan Dasar Elektronika Analog dan Digital (Edisi Revisi)<div style="text-align: justify;">
Alhamdulillah nuku yang berjudul "Pengetahuan Dasar Elektronika Analog dan Digital" yang diterbitkan oleh YKT Publisher telah diterima oleh masyarakat pembaca buku-buku teknik, sehingga di pasaran cukup laku keras. Mungkin karena itulah maka banyak yang berusaha membajak buku tersebut dan menjualnya dengan harga, namun dengan kwalitas kertas di bawah standard. Untuk menghindari pembajakan tersebut dan sekaligus untuk meningkatkan mutu isi materi buku tersebut pihak penulis dan penerbit telah merevisi buku tersebut dengan tampilan baru dan menambah isi materiagar lebih lengkap. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Buku ini membahas tentang konsep-konsep dasar elektronika baik elektronika analog maupun elektronika digital, pengenalan komponen-komponen dasar elektronika baik komponen pasif seperti resistor, kapasitor dan induktor (lilitan) maupun komponen aktif (semikonduktor) seperti dioda, transistor, FET, MOSFET, UJT, IGBT, DIAC dan TRIAC, serta cara pengetesan atau pengujian komponen-komponen dasar elektronika tersebut menggunakan multitester atau multimeter dan masih banyak lagi. Nah untuk lebih jelasnya di bawah ini penulis sajikan daftar isi dari buku tersebut.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;">KATA
PENGANTAR …………………………………………………….…………...</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">i</span></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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DAFTAR
ISI ………….………………………………………………….…………. ii<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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BAB
I : KONSEP DAN PENGERTIAN DASAR ELEKTRONIKA<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->KONSEP DASAR ELEKTRONIKA<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Muatan Listrik …………………………....…..…..….………….…... 1<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Hukum Coulomb …………………………….………….………...…. 1<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Medan Listrik ………………………………………….…………….. 2<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Garis Gaya Medan Listrik …………………………….……………… 3<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Potensial Listrik ……………………………………….…………...… 5<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->KAPASITANSI KONDUKTOR<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Definisi Konduktor …………..……………………………………… 7<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Koefisien Potensial dan Kapaisitansi Konduktor …………..….….....
12<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Pengisian dan Pengosongan Konduktor berbentuk Lilitan
……..…… 13<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->KAPASITANSI KONDENSATOR/KAPASITOR<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Kondensator atau Kapasitor …………………………………..….….. 14<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Tenaga yang Tersimpan Dalam Konduktor dan Kondensator
...….… 16<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Perhitungan Kapasitansi Kondensator/Kapasitor ……………….…...
16<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Kondesnator/Kapasitor Keping ……………………………….… 16<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Kondensator/Kapasitor Bola …………………………………..… 17<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Kondensator/Kapasitor Silinder ………………………………… 17</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Pengisian dan Pengosongan Kondensator/Kapasitor
……………….. 18<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->PENGERTIAN SEMIKONDUKTOR<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Struktur Atom Semikonduktor …………………………….…...…… 19<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Semikonduktor Tipe N ……………….…………………..…………. 22<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Semikonduktor Tipe P ……………………..……….…….…………. 24<o:p></o:p></div>
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BAB II : KOMPONEN DASAR ELEKTRONIKA<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->KOMPONEN PASIF ELEKTRONIKA<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Resistor ………….……………..……………………….……….…... 27<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Resistor Tetap ……………………………………………….…... 27<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Resistor Variabel/Potensio ……………………………………… 28<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kode Warna Pada Resistor …………………………………....… 28<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kode Angka dan Huruf
Pada Resistor …………………….……. 30</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kapasitor/Kondensator …….…………….........................……..……
30<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Electrolit Condensator (Elco) ………………………...……….… 31<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kapasitor Film …………………………………………….…….. 32<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kapasitor Keramik …………………………………….………… 32<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Variable Condensator (Varco) ………………………….……….. 33<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kapasitor Polyester ………………………………………....…… 34<span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Induktor ………………………………………………...…………… 35<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->KOMPONEN AKTIF ELEKTRONIKA (SEMIKONDUKTOR)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Dioda ………………………………………………………….…….. 37<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bias Mundur (Reverse) …………………………………………. 38<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bias Maju (Forward) ……………………………………………. 38<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kurva Karakteristik Dioda ……………………………………… 39<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Dioda Rectifier ………………………………………………….. 42<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Dioda Zener ……………………………………………….…….. 42<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Dioda Photo ……………………………………….…………….. 44<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->LED (Light Emitting Diode) ……………………….…………… 44<span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Transistor ……………………..………………….………………...... 46<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->SCR atau Thyristor …………………………………….……………. 49<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->IGBT …………………………………………………….……...…… 51<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->FET ………………………………………………………….………. 52<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->JFET ……………………………………………………..………. 52<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->MOSFET …………………………………………………...…… 53</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Triac dan Diac ………………………………………………………. 56<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) ……………………………....…… 59<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Inverting Operational Amplifier …………………...……...….….
60<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Differential Amplifier …………………………………..……….. 61<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Integrator ……………………………….……………………….. 62<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Differentiator ……………………………………………….…… 63<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Comparator ………………………………………………....…… 64<o:p></o:p></div>
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BAB III : PENGGUNAAN ALAT UKUR
ELEKTRONIK<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PENGGUNAAN AVO METER (MULTIMETER) ANALOG<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Fungsi Bagian-Bagian Avometer (Multimeter) Analog
…………… 67<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Cara Penggunaan Avometer (Multimeter) Analog…………...……..
68<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengukuran Resistansi……….………………...…………...……69<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengukuran Tegangan DC……………………...………………. 70<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengukuran Tegangan AC…………………………...…………. 70<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengukuran Arus DC………………………………...…………. 71<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PENGGUNAAN CATHODE RAY OSCILOSCOP (CRO)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Spesifikasi CRO…………………………………………….……… 72<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Fungsi Tombol Kontrol Pada Panel CRO……………………………74<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Setting-Up CRO ……………………………………………………..77<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Cara Kalibrasi CRO …………………………………………………78<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kalibrasi Tegangan………………………………………………78<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kalibrasi Waktu …………………………………………………78<span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Cara Penggunaan CRO ………………………………………….…..79<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengukuran Tegangan ………………………………………….. 79<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengukuran Periode ……………………………………………..80<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengukuran Frekuensi …………………………………..……… 80<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengukuran Beda Fase …………………………………………. 81<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PENGGUNAAN AUDIO FREQUENCY GENERATOR (AFG)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Fungsi Tombol Kontrol Pada Panel AFG ………………………… 83<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pada Panel Depan………………………………………………. 83<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->padaPanel Belakang ………………………………….………… 84</div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Cara Penggunaan AFG…………………………………………….. 85<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengukuran Karakteristik I-O (Gain)
Penguat…………………. 85<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengukuran Frekuensi Respons………………………………… 86<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
BAB IV : PENGETESAN/PENGUJIAN KOMPONEN
ELEKTRONIKA<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PENGETESAN/PENGUJIAN RESISTOR…………………………...…87<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PENGETESAN/PENGUJIAN KAPASITOR………………………...… 88<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PENGETESAN/PENGUJIAN INDUKTOR ……………………………89<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PENGETESAN/PENGUJIAN KOMPONEN SEMIKONDUKTOR<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengetesan/Pengujian Dioda …………………………….….......…...
91<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengetesan/Pengujian Transistor ………………………….……....….92<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengetesan/Pengujian FET ………………………………….………..97<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengetesan/Pengujian SCR atau Thyristor ………………….…..…...
99<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengetesan/Pengujian UJT ………………………………….….…...100<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
BAB V : CATU DAYA (POWER SUPPLY)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->CATU DAYA SEDERHANA <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penyearah Tanpa Filter ………………………………….…………..102<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Filter ………………………..….…………………...……………..... 109<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penstabil Tegangan …………..……………...………….…...………111<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
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<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->CATU DAYA TEREGULASI<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Regulator Tegangan Serie ……...………...…………………………118<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Regulator Tegangan Paralel ………………………………..………. 123<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Regulator Tegangan IC ………………………………...…..……..... 125<o:p></o:p></div>
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BAB VI : PENGUAT (AMPLIFIER)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PENGUAT SATU TRANSISTOR<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penguat Tunggal Emitor ……………….……………….…………. 130<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penguat Tunggal Kolektor …………………….……....……...…… 131<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penguat Tunggal Basis ………..……………….……….…...…….. 131<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Aplikasi Jenis-Jenis Penguat ………………………...……………. 132<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PENGUAT DENGAN IC OP-AMP ……………...………...……..….. 133<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->FILTER AKTIF …………………………………………………...….. 138<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Filter Lolos Bawah (Low Pass Filter)
……………………....…….. 140<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Filter Lolos Atas (High Pass Filter) ……………………………….
141<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Filter Lolos Pita (Band Pass Filter) ……………………….…...…..
142<o:p></o:p></div>
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BAB VII : PEMBANGKIT GELOMBANG (OSCILATOR)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PEMBANGKIT GELOMBANG KOTAK ……………………....…… 144<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PEMBANGKIT GELOMBANG SINUS ………………………….…. 147<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PEMBANGKIT GELOMBANG SEGITIGA ……………...……...…. 148<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PEMBANGKIT LONCENG DIGITAL ……………………………… 151<o:p></o:p></div>
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BAB VIII : PENGUAT DAYA<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PENGUAT DAYA KELAS A<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penguat Kelas A ……………………………………….…….……. 153<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penguat Kelas B ……………………………………….………….. 154<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penguat Kelas AB ………………………………………………… 154</div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penguat Kelas C ……………………………………….…..……… 155<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penguat Daya Kelas A Beban Resistor ……………….…………...
156<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penguat Daya Kelas A Beban Trafo ……………………………… 158<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PENGUAT DAYA PUSH-PULL KELAS B<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Cacat Silang pada Sinyal Output Penguat Push-Pull
Kelas B ……. 162<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penguat Daya Komplementer …………………………………….. 163<o:p></o:p></div>
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BAB IX : KONSEP DASAR ELEKTRONIKA DIGITAL<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->SISTEM BILANGAN<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Sistem Bilangan Desimal dan Biner …………………….…...…….
165<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Sistem Bilangan Oktal ………………………………….…………. 166<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Sistem Bilangan Hexadesimal dan Biner ……………….…...…….
168<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bilangan Biner Pecahan ……………………………….………….. 169<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Sistem Bilangan BCD ………………………………………….…. 170<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
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<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->ARITMATIKA BINER<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penjumlahan Biner ………………………………….………….…. 171<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengurangan Biner ………………………………….…………….. 172<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bilangan Biner Bertanda …………………………….……………. 174<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Perkalian Biner ……………………………………….…………… 175<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pembagian Biner …………………………………….……………. 176<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->GERBANG LOGIKA<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Gerbang AND dan NAND ……………...…………….…...……… 177<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Gerbang OR dan NOR ………….………………………………… 178<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Gerbang NOT …………..……………………………….………… 178<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Gerbang XOR ………………………………………….….………. 179<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
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<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->UNGKAPAN BOOLE …………………………………….………….. 181<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
BAB X : FLIP-FLOP, PENCACAH DAN REGISTER<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->FLIP-FLOP<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Flip-Flop RS …………………………………………….…...……. 183<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Tabel Masukan/Keluaran …………...………………………… 183<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Flip-Flop RS Terpadu ………………………………………… 184</div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Flip-Flop D …………………………………………….………….. 185<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Flip-Flop JK ………………………………………………………. 185<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Flip-Flop JK Utama/Pembantu ………………………………....…. 187<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PENCACAH<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pencacah Biner 4 Bit …………………………………….……...… 187<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pencacah Kerut Biner ………………………………….………….. 190<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pencacah Dekade MSI ………………………………….…………. 191<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->REGISTER ………………………………………………….……..….. 192<o:p></o:p></div>
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA …………………………………………………...….……… 197<o:p></o:p></div>
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Seperti biasanya untuk melayani para sobat blogger yang ingin memesan, pihak penerbit telah menyediakan buku tersebut dalam 2 pilihan bentuk yaitu :</div>
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<b>1. Buku cetak pada kertas HVS 70 gram (Isi) dan Glossy 230 gram (Cover) dengan ukuran 29 x 21 cm setebal 207 halaman hanya seharga Rp.120.000,- (belum termasuk ongkos kirim, pengiriman via POS, JNE, J&T atau TIKI).</b><br />
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<b>2. Ebook yang dikemas dalam keping CD/DVD dengan format file PDF sebesar 5 MB, hanya seharga Rp. 55.000,- (belum termasuk ongkos kirim, pengiriman via POS, JNE, J&T atau TIKI).</b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b>3. Ebook pdf yang dikirim via email, hanya seharga Rp. 45.000 (gratis ongkos kirim).</b></div>
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<b>Pemesanan buku/ebook silahkan </b><b>langsung belanja di https://lstolshop.bukaolshop.site</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b>Atau di toko online "listron surya teknik" yang ada di shopee, tokopedia, lazada, bukalapak dan blibli.</b></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-51598986240567682022019-01-17T09:13:00.004+07:002023-10-27T09:27:18.161+07:00Buku Teknologi Biogas & Pemanfaatannya Sebagai Pembangkit Listrik<div style="text-align: justify;">
Buku yang berjudul "TEKNOLOGI BIOGAS DAN PEMANFAATANNYA SEBAGAI PEMABNGKIT LISTRIK" ini ditulis oleh Mahmud, ST, MT yang merupakan salah satu pakar dibidang pemanfaatan energi biogas sebagai bahan bakar mesin penggerak generator (pembangkit litrik) di pedesaan, dimana di pedesaan banyak terdapat peternakan sapi yang mengahasilkan kotoran yang dapat diolah menjadi energi biogas yang selanjutnya energi biogas tersebut dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar mesin penggerak generator (genset).</div>
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Secara garis besar buku ini terdiri dari 4 bab yang membahas mulai dari proses produksi biogas, cara pembuatan reakto/digester biogas hingga analisis ekonomi biogas sebagai pembangkit listrik. Untuk lebih jelasnya bahasan dari buku ini dapat dibaca pada daftar isi buku di bawah ini.</div>
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<b style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">KATA
PNGANTAR …………..…………………………………...……………</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">....</span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">…</span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">i</span></div>
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DAFTAR
ISI……………………...…………………………………...…...…<span lang="IN">....</span>…… ii<o:p></o:p></div>
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BAB I. <span lang="IN">ENERGI BARU TERBARUKAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Jenis-Jenis Energi Baru
Terbarukan</span> …………..…………………<span lang="IN">.....</span>…… 1<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Energi Surya/Matahari
(Solar Photovoltaic) ......................................... 2</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Energi Angin/Bayu (Wind
Energy) ...................................................... 3</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Energi Air (Hydro
Power)
.................................................................... 3</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Energi Bio (Bio Energy)
....................................................................... 5</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Energi Lainnya
...................................................................................... 6</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Keuntungan dan Kerugian
Energi Baru Terbarukan </span>…..………<span lang="IN">.</span>………... <span lang="IN">7</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Keuntungan Energi Baru
Terbarukan</span> ……..……………………<span lang="IN">.</span>……. <span lang="IN">7</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Kerugian Energi Baru
Terbarukan </span>…<span lang="IN">..</span>…………..……………………. <span lang="IN">8</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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BAB II. <span lang="IN">ENERGI BIOGAS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->P<span lang="IN">roses Terjadinya Biogas</span> …….……………<span lang="IN">..........................</span>...……….…..
9<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->P<span lang="IN">roses Terbentuknya Bio-Slurry</span> ……………<span lang="IN">..........................</span>..…………
12<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Digestifikasi Anaerobik
Biogas</span> …………………<span lang="IN">..............</span>……..…….... 1<span lang="IN">5</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Jenis Anaerobik
Fakultatif</span> ……………<span lang="IN">...</span>………………..………….. 1<span lang="IN">5</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Jenis Anaerobik Buatan </span>……………<span lang="IN">...................</span>…………..………..
1<span lang="IN">5</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Parameter Proses
Pencernaan Limbah Organik ........................................ 18</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Temperatur Suhu dan
Waktu digestifikasi .......................................... 18</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Kondisi Psikopilik
.......................................................................... 18</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Kondisi Mesopilik
.......................................................................... 18</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Kondisi Termopilik
........................................................................ 19</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perhitungan Potensi
Anaerobik Biogas & Energi Yang Dihasilkan......19</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pengadukan Bahan
Organik ................................................................ 20</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pengaturan Tekanan
.............................................................................
20</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Penjernihan Biogas
............................................................................. 20</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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BAB III. <span lang="IN">REAKTOR/DIGESTER BIOGAS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Jenis-Jenis
Reaktor/Digester Biogas </span>…<span lang="IN">....</span>..……<span lang="IN">............</span>…..<span lang="IN">...</span>………… <span lang="IN">22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Berdasarkan Aliran Bahan Baku
....................................................... 22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Bak (Batch)
..................................................................................
22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Mengalir (Continues)
................................................................... 22</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Berdasarkan Tata Letak Penempatan
................................................ 22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Seluruh Digester Di Atas Permukaan Tanah
............................... 22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Sebagaian Digester Diletakan Di Bawah Permukaan
Tanah.........23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Seluruh Digester Diletakan Di Bawah Permukaan
Tanah.............23</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Berdasarkan Konstruksi
.................................................................... 23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Fexed Dome (Kubah Tetap)
......................................................... 23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Floating Dome (Kubah Apung) ...................................................
25</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Komponen
Reaktor/Digester Biogas </span>………………..…<span lang="IN">........</span>…………. <span lang="IN">38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pe<span lang="IN">milihan Ukuran Reaktor/Digester Biogas </span>.………<span lang="IN">...............</span>……<span lang="IN">..</span>…. <span lang="IN">43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Melakukan Survey Lokasi ................................................................ 43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Menetapkan Dimensi Reaktor/Digester Biogas
................................. 45</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pemasangan Lantai Kerja
Reaktor Biogas .............................................. 47<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">E.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pengecoran Lantai Dasar
(Pondasi) Reaktor Biogas .............................. 54<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">F.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pekerjaan Tangki Pencerna (Dinding Digester)
..................................... 55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">G.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pembuatan Cetakan Kubah
Reaktor Biogas ........................................... 70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">H.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pengecoran Kubah
Reaktor Biogas ........................................................ 75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">I.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pengecoran Plat Penutup Outlet
............................................................. 83</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">J.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pekerjaan Turret
...................................................................................... 88<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">K.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pekerjaan Outlet
...................................................................................... 91<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">L.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pekerjaan Inlet
........................................................................................ 97<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">M.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pekerjaan Instalasi
Pipa .........................................................................
106<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">N.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pekerjaan Lubang Kompos
(Slurry-Pit) ................................................. 111<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">O.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Finishing Kubah Reaktor
Biogas ........................................................... 113<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">P.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Penggalian Lubang Bio-Digester
........................................................... 118<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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BAB IV. <span lang="IN">TEKNOLOGI PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA BIOGAS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pemanfaatan Energi
Biogas Sebagai Pembangkit Listrik </span>…………...<span lang="IN">.</span>.. <span lang="IN">125</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Konversi Energi Biogas
dan Pemanfaatannya </span>………………<span lang="IN">..</span>………. <span lang="IN">128</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Proses Pembentukan
Biogas ............................................................ 129</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Hidrolisis
....................................................................................
129</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pengasaman
................................................................................
129</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Metanogenik
..............................................................................
130</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pengoperasian Unit
Pengolahan Biogas .......................................... 131</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Konversi Energi Biogas
Untuk Ketenagalistrikan ........................... 131</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 101.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo22; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ata </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">otensi Bahan Baku Biogas Kotoran Sapi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">........132</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 101.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 101.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo22; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhitungan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">J</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">umlah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ari </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">T</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">otal </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">S</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">olid (TS)</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">olatile </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">S</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">olid
(VS)</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">alam </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">roses </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">naerobik </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">igest</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">asi</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">..............132<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhitungan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">J</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">umlah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">olume </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">G</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">as </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">M</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">etan dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nergi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">L</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">istrik</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.......132</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perhitungan Potensi
Energi Listrik .............................................133</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Komponen Utama PLT
Biogas ....................................................... 133</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Sumber Pasokan Limbah
Organik (FeedStock).......................... 133</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Tangki Pencernaan
(Digester) .................................................... 134</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Tangki Penampung Gas
(Biogas Tank) ..................................... 137</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Generator Pembangkit (Microturbine
Generator)....................... 138</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Analisis Ekonomi PLT
Biogas </span>.…………………..……………<span lang="IN">.........</span>... <span lang="IN">145</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pengertian Proyek
............................................................................
145</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pengertian Studi
Kelayakan ............................................................. 145</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pengertian Studi
Kelayakan Proyek ................................................. 146</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pengertian Aspek
Finansial .............................................................. 146</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pengertian Biaya
..............................................................................
147</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Biaya Berdasarkan Sifat
Penggunaannya ........................................ 147</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Biaya Investasi
(Investmen Cost) .............................................. 147</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Biaya Operasional
(Operational Cost) ....................................... 147</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Biaya Perawatan
(Mantenance Cost) ......................................... 148</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Metode Penilaian
Investasi PLT Biogas </span>……………<span lang="IN">.......</span>…….……… <span lang="IN">148</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pengertian Investasi .........................................................................
148</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Biaya Operasional
(Operational Cost) ............................................. 148</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Biaya Perawatan
(Mantenance Cost) ............................................... 148</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Analisis Modal Total
(Annual Cost) ................................................ 149</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Harga Cost Per KWh
....................................................................... 149</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Periode Pengembalian
(Payback Period) ......................................... 149</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->E.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perencanaan PLT Biogas
Dengan Kotoran Sapi </span>……………………... <span lang="IN">150</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perancangan Jenis dan
Dimensi Reaktor/Digester........................... 150</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Temperatur
.................................................................................
150</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Derajat Keasaman (pH)
.............................................................. 150</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perancangan Desain
Reaktor/Digester ....................................... 151</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perancangan Dimensi
Reaktor/Digester .................................... 151</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Identifikasi Data dan
Lokasi PLT Biogas ........................................ 158</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Tatacara Perhitungan
Data ......................................................... 158</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Tahapan Pengumpulan
Data ...................................................... 159</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perhitungan Potensi
& Energi Yang Dihasilkan......................... 161</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Tahapan Pengolahan
& Perhitungan Data ................................. 161</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Persamaan Lama Waktu
Penguraian ............................................... 161</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Persamaan Produksi
Biogas Spesifik ......................................... 162</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Persamaan Produksi Gas
Metan Spesifik .................................. 162</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pemilihan dan
Perhitungan Digester PLT Biogas ........................... 163</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Analisis Konversi
Energi Listrik ............................................... 163</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Analisis Potensi PLT
Biogas ..................................................... 165</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->F.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Analisis Potensi PLT
Biogas Di Pedesaan </span>……………………………. <span lang="IN">165</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Potensi Bahan Baku Di
kawasan Peternakan Sapi Potong............... 165</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Potensi Energi PLT
Biogas Di Desa Galang ....................................166</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perhitungan Produksi
Gas Metan ............................................... 168</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perhitungan Potensi
Energi Listrik ............................................ 168</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->G.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Analisis Ekonomi </span>……………………….…………<span lang="IN">.............................. 169</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perhitungan Investasi
Proyek ........................................................... 169</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Biaya Langsung
......................................................................... 169</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Biaya Tak Langsung
.................................................................. 170</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Jumlah Biaya Investasi
Total ..................................................... 170</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perhitungan Pendapatan
dan Pengeluaran Proyek ........................... 170</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Data Pembiayaan Proyek
........................................................... 170</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pendapatan Proyek Per
Tahun ................................................... 170</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pengeluaran Proyek Per
Tahun .................................................. 171</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Analisis Kelayakan
Proyek PLT Biogas .......................................... 171</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Analisis Net Present
Value (NPV) ............................................. 171</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Analisis Benefit Cost
Ratio (BCR) ............................................ 172</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Analisis Internal Rate of
Return (IRR) ...................................... 172</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Analisis Periode
Pengembalian (Payback Period)...................... 173</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Analisis Sensitivitas
................................................................... 174</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> …………………………………………………</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.............</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.. 1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">77</span> </div>
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Seperti biasanya pihak penerbit telah menyediakan buku ini dalam 2 bentuk versi yaitu bentuk buku cetak dan bentuk ebook CD/DVD. Untuk itu bagi sobat blogger yang berminat memesan buku ini dapat memilih bentuk versi yang diinginkan. Adapun penjelasan dari masing-masing bentuk versi tersebut adalag sebagai berikut :</div>
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1. Buku cetak pada kertas (cover kertas art paper atau glossy photo paper 230gr, isi kertas HVS 70gr) dengan ukuran 28cm x 20cm setebal 185 halaman, hanya seharga Rp 110.000 belum termasuk ongkos kirim (pengiriman via kurir Pos, JNE atau J&T).</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTgkFV29Awu8YC9roXpy4EuKWL07xruOOQ_1vuB3OuCOHDpUAhsMy5YktGTHKKKLnKCM7FNuuqAmOToKUKenDZEu4Zc6HMQkPGUYWD1gqSXfcY4NzBpMyCBx-OW16x827VEoHBHisk6y9D/s1600/Photobuku.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="554" data-original-width="554" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTgkFV29Awu8YC9roXpy4EuKWL07xruOOQ_1vuB3OuCOHDpUAhsMy5YktGTHKKKLnKCM7FNuuqAmOToKUKenDZEu4Zc6HMQkPGUYWD1gqSXfcY4NzBpMyCBx-OW16x827VEoHBHisk6y9D/s1600/Photobuku.jpg" /></a></div>
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2. Ebook dengan format PDF yang dikemas dalam kepingan CD/DVD, hanya seharga Rp 55.000 belum termasuk ongkos kirim (pengiriman via kurir Pos, JNE atau J&T).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">3. Ebook Pdf yang dikirim via email, hanya seharga Rp. 45.000 (gratis ongkos kirim).</div>
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Sobat blogger yang berminat memesan buku/ebook ini silahkan order di toko online "Listron Surya Teknik" yang ada di beberapa marketplace Tokopedia, Bukalapak, Shopee, Lazada dan Blibli. Dapat juga order di https://lstolshop.bukaolshop.site<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-59358096504011347972018-07-05T12:24:00.000+07:002018-07-05T12:31:28.729+07:00Menurunkan Rating Tegangan Gulungan/Kumparan Motor Induksi<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Konstruksi
</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">gulungan</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> stator dalam m</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">otor</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">arus bolak-balik (AC)</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> atau biasa disebut motor induksi secara nyata
sangat rumit. Stator m</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">otor</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> induksi </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">yang </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">normal terdiri dari
sejumlah kumparan dalam masing-masing fasa, terdistribusi dalam </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">alur (</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">slot</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">)</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> di sekeliling permukaan bagian dalam stator. Pada m</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">otor</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> induksi</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">yang lebih besar, masing-masing kumparan
terdiri dari sejumlah lilitan, tiap lilitan terisolasi dari lilitan lainnya dan
dari sisi statornya sendiri.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Tegangan dalam tiap <span lang="IN">kawat </span>lilitan tunggal ukurannya sangat
kecil dan hanya dengan menempatkan sejumlah <span lang="IN">kawat </span>lilitan tersebut secara seri maka <span lang="IN">sejumlah </span>tegangan dapat <span lang="IN">diberikan/</span>dihasilkan. Sejumlah besar <span lang="IN">kawat </span>lilitan biasanya dibagi dalam
beberapa kumparan, dan kumparan tersebut ditempatkan dalam <span lang="IN">alur</span> pada permukaan stator.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Faktor distribusi<span lang="IN"> (fd)</span> adalah cara <span lang="IN">yang </span>tepat untuk menyederhanakan penurunan <span lang="IN">rating</span> tegangan <span lang="IN">pada motor induksi, </span>dikarenakan oleh distribusi
spasial pada kumparan dalam <span lang="IN">gulungan</span>
stator. Untuk <span lang="IN">gulungan</span> dengan
<span lang="IN">sejumlah </span><i>n </i><span lang="IN">alur</span> per sabuk fasa terpisah<span lang="IN"> sebesar</span> γ derajat, faktor
distribusi<span lang="IN">nya dapat</span> di<span lang="IN">hitung dengan persamaan : </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN">fd = sin (Yg.Y/2) / </span>Yg. sin (Y/2)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span lang="IN">
</span></i><span lang="IN">Faktor langkah atau p</span>itch
factor<span lang="IN"> (fp)</span><i><span lang="IN"> </span></i>dan faktor distribusi<span lang="IN"> (fd)</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">kumparan</span> biasanya dikombinasikan
untuk mempermudah penggunaan<span lang="IN">nya</span>
dalam faktor <span lang="IN">kumparan</span> tunggal
<span lang="IN">(f</span>w<span lang="IN">)</span>.
Faktor <span lang="IN">kumparan</span> pada stator
di<span lang="IN">rumuskan dengan</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">persamaan : fw = fp
. fd. Sementara untuk faktor langkah (Kp) kumparan itu sendiri dirumuskan
dengan persamaan : fp = sin (ρ/2).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Mengaplikasikan persamaaan-persamaan
sebelumnya <span lang="IN">dimana jumlah lilitan per
fasa (Zf) dapat dihitung dengan persamaan :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="SV">Zf = (10<sup>8 </sup>x Ef ) / (</span><span lang="SV">4,44 x </span><span lang="IT">Φ</span><span lang="SV"> x fp x fd x f)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN">
Ukuran </span>penampang <span lang="IN">kawat
lilitan</span> stator dapat diperkirakan dari arus stator per fasa dan
diasumsikan sesuai dengan nilai kerapatan arus untuk <span lang="IN">kumparan</span> stator. Persamaan area penampang k<span lang="IN">awat lilitan</span> stator yaitu<span lang="IN"> : </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">q = I / S<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN">
</span>Untuk menentukan ukuran k<span lang="IN">awat lilitan</span> dan jumlah lilitan motor induksi 3 fasa dalam
perancangan ini perlu diukur terlebih dahulu beberapa parameter yang dibutuhkan<span lang="IN">, sebagai contoh parameter motor induksi 3
fasa tersebut seperti</span> yang ditunjukkan pada tabel 1 berikut ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN">Tabel </span>1<span lang="IN"> Konstruksi motor induksi 3 fasa lama<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 26.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Parameter <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nilai<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rating tegangan fasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">220 V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rating arus (I)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2,1 A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jumlah kutub (P)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jumlah alur stator (G)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">24 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Diameter inti stator (D)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">11,1 cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Panjang inti stator (L)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6,8 cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Diameter kawat lilitan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">0,55 mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jumlah lilitan per kutub
per fasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">125 lilitan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN">
Untuk menghitung jumlah lilitan terlebih dahulu jarak antar kutub (</span>pole pitch<span lang="IN">)</span><span lang="IN"> yang di</span>dapatkan<span lang="IN"> dengan persamaan : </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN"> Yp = (π.D) / P<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> = (3,14 x 11,1) / 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> = 8,7 cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN">Berhubung diameter inti stator kurang dari
0,15 m atau 15 cm, maka dalam hal ini dipilih kerapatan flux pada udara bebas
per cm (</span><span lang="SV">β</span><span lang="IN">)</span><span lang="SV"> = </span><span lang="IN">3</span><span lang="SV">.</span><span lang="IN">5</span><span lang="SV">00 </span><span lang="IN">Wb/cm², sehingga jumlah flux tiap kutub adalah : </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="PT-BR"> Φ</span><span lang="IN"> = Yp . L . </span><span lang="SV">β</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span lang="IT">= </span><span lang="IN"> 8,7 x 6,8 x 3.500</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="IT">= </span><span lang="IN">207.060</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">W</span><span lang="IT">eber</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN">Langkah atau j</span>arak <span lang="IN">alur</span> per kutub per phasa (<span lang="IN">Yg</span>) adalah
jumlah <span lang="IN">alur</span> stator dibagi
dengan jumlah kutub <span lang="IN">di</span>kali
dengan jumlah phasa, <span lang="IN">sehingga Yg =
24 / (4x3) = 2.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Karena
lilitan yang akan digunakan adalah jenis<span lang="IN"> langkah diperpendek (</span><i>fractional pitch</i><i><span lang="IN">)</span><span lang="IN"> </span></i>sebesar 5/6 maka
untuk <span lang="IN">faktor langkah (</span><i>pitch
facto</i><i><span lang="IN">r)</span><span lang="IN"> </span></i>kumparan
sesuai <span lang="IN">adalah </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> fp =
sin (150º / 2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> = sin 75º</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> = 0,966.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jarak antar group lilitan per alur dalam
satuan derajat radian adalah : Y = 360º / 24 = 15º radian, sehingga didapatkan faktor distribusi
(fd) sebesar :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> fd = sin (Yg.Y/2) / Yg.sin (Y/2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN"> = sin (2 x 15º/2) / (</span>2 x sin (15º/2)) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> = 0,9914 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN">D</span>ari hasil-hasil <span lang="IN">perhitungan tersebut </span>diatas<span lang="IN">, jika rating tegangan motor induksi 3 fasa
diturunkan menjadi 60 V </span>didapatkan jumlah lilitan per fasa ya<span lang="IN">itu sebesar :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="IN"> Zf = (</span><span lang="SV">10<sup>8
</sup>x Ef) / (</span><span lang="SV">4,44 x </span><span lang="IT">Φ</span><span lang="SV"> x fp x fd x f)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="SV"> = (</span><span lang="SV">10<sup>8 </sup>x </span><span lang="IN">60) / (</span><span lang="SV">4,44 x </span><span lang="IN">207.060</span><span lang="SV"> x </span><span lang="IN">0,966</span><span lang="SV"> x 0,9</span><span lang="IN">914</span><span lang="SV"> x 50)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="SV"> = (10<sup>8 </sup>x </span><span lang="IN">60) / (</span>44.022.553)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN"> </span> <span lang="IN"> = 136
lilitan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="SV">Jadi jumlah lilitan 3 fasa = </span><span lang="IN">136</span><span lang="SV"> x 3 = </span><span lang="IN">408</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="SV">lilit</span><span lang="IN">an</span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1033" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251667456'
from="125.25pt,7.75pt" to="174.75pt,7.75pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 166px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 68px; z-index: 251667456;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">sedangkan jumlah lilitan per alur = 408 / 24 = 17 lilitan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN"> </span>Tujuan utama<span lang="IN"> dalam perancangan ini</span> adalah menurunkan
tegangan <span lang="IN">awal motor induksi dari </span>220
V <span lang="IN">menjadi</span> tegangan 6<span lang="IN">0</span> V dengan tetap mempertahankan
daya motor orisinal dan karakteristik yang dibutuhkan tidak berubah, maka dapat
digunakan persamaan<span lang="IN"> : </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pa = Pb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3.Va.Ia = 3.Vb.Ib</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN"> Jika Va = 220 V dan Vb = 60 V, maka
Ib = (220/60) Ia atau qb = (220/60) qb. Perlu </span>diperhatikan bahwa <span lang="IN">kumparan</span> stator m<span lang="IN">otor</span>-A disusun dari satu kawat dengan
diameter 0,55 mm <span lang="IN">yang </span>berarti
jari-jari (<i>r</i>) <span lang="IN">kawat sebesar</span>
0,275 mm sehingga ukuran<span lang="IN"> luas
penampang kawat motor-A :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> qa = π . r²</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN"> </span> <span lang="IN">=
3,14 x 0,275<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN"> </span> <span lang="IN">= 0,237 mm²<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Jika Ia = 2,1 A maka didapatkan arus
Ib = (220/60) x 2,1 = 7,7 A sehingga ukuran luas penampang kawat motor-B :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">qb = (220/60) x
0,237<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN">
</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN"> =
0,869 mm²<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dengan demikian kawat
lilitan motor-B minimal harus memiliki diameter sebesar :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> db = 2 √(qb/π)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN">
</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">= 2 √(0,869/3,14)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN">
</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN"> =
1,05 mm<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Apabila diameter dianggap terlalu
besar sehingga menyulitkan penggulungan secara manual, maka kawat dapat dipecah
menjadi 4 paralel, dengan menggunakan rumus :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> qb = 0,869 / 4</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN">
</span> <span lang="IN">= 0,217 mm² dan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN"> </span> <span lang="IN">db = 2 √(0,217/3,14)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN">
</span> <span lang="IN">= 0,526 mm (dibulatkan menjadi 0,55 mm).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jadi
motor induksi baru ini menggunakan rangkaian paralel sejumlah 4 dengan ukuran
diameter <span lang="IN">kawat lilitan </span>masing-masing
0,55 mm. <span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN"> </span>Kemudian untuk mempertahankan <span lang="IN">jumlah ampere
lilit (total</span> ampere turns<span lang="IN">)</span><i><span lang="IN"> </span></i>dari mesin tetap konstan, maka digunakan persamaan<span lang="IN"> :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3.Za.Ia = 3.Zb.Ib sehingga Zb =
(60/220) Za</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Karena jumlah lilitan per kutub per fasa motor-A sebanyak 125
lilitan, maka jumlah lilitan per kutub per fasa motor-B :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3852692471164534713" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> Zb = (60/220) x 125</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN">
</span> <span lang="IN">= 34 lilitan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dan jumlah kawat per
fasa per kutub = 2 x 34 = 68 kawat lilitan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jadi dari hasil pe<span lang="IN">r</span>hitungan
secara teoritis dan praktis hasilnya sama<span lang="IN"> yakni</span> sejumlah 1<span lang="IN">36 </span>lilitan
per fasa. D<span lang="IN">engan demikian d</span>ari
pe<span lang="IN">r</span>hitungan untuk mendapatkan
motor induksi 3 fasa <span lang="IN">yang </span>baru,
maka didapatkan parameter baru seperti <span lang="IN">tercantum </span>pada tabel 2 <span lang="IN"> berikut ini</span>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN">Tabel </span>2.<span lang="IN"> Konstruksi motor induksi 3 fasa baru<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 26.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Parameter <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nilai<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rating tegangan fasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">60 V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rating arus (I)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7,7 A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jumlah kutub (P)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jumlah alur stator (G)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">24 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Diameter inti stator (D)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">11,1 cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Panjang inti stator (L)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6,8 cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Diameter kawat lilitan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4 x 0,55 mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jumlah lilitan per kutub
per fasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">34 lilitan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: EN-US;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: EN-US;">Jumlah kawat per kutub per fasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: EN-US;">64 kawat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NB : Keterangan dan penjelasan tentang notasi huruf pada rumus-rumus tersebut diatas dapat dibaca pada buku "Menggulung Motor Listrik Arus Bolak-Balik (AC)" </span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-90411009686834660632018-05-25T17:42:00.000+07:002018-05-30T14:30:15.838+07:00Perbedaan Antara MCB, ELCB/RCCB Dan RCBO<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak
sekali istilah atau nama produk perangkat pengaman listrik untuk instalasi
listrik pada bangunan rumah atau gedung. Salah satunya adalah istilah yang
dipakai untuk komponen pemutus dan pembatas/pengaman arus listrik atau yang biasa dikenal dengan nama </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><i>circuit breaker</i></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Ada
beberapa jenis pengaman listrik yang sering digunakan di dalam instalasi
listrik banguan rumah/gedung tersebut diantaranya adalah MCB, ELCB/RCCB dan RCBO. Apa
perbedaan dari ketiga produk perangkat pengaman listrik tersebut, mari kita
bahas satu persatu.</span></div>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MCB (Miniature Circuit
Breaker)<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> MCB (Miniature Circuit
Breaker) merupakan peralatan pemutus/pembatas/pengaman arus listrik yang mungkin kita sering lihat di
lingkungan rumah kita seperti di panel pembagian di rumah, panel distribusi di
kantor, dan lain lain. Jenis pemutus daya ini memang punya karakteristik sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Rating arus umumnya tidak lebih dari 100A (tetapi saat
ini ada produk MCB dengan rating >100A).<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Rating tegangan rendah (Low Voltage < 1 kV).<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Kurva<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>trip</i> nya
tidak bisa diatur, fix dan merupakan design dari manufaktur.<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi kerjanya berdasarkan fungsi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>thermal<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></i> atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>thermal-magnetic.</i></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">karena karakteristiknya tersebut
maka tidak heran pemutus dan pengaman jenis ini adalah yang paling dekat dan
paling sering digunakan oleh konsumen dalam kehidupan sehari hari. Contoh MCB
yang beredar di pasaran saat ini, dengan jenis koneksi diantaranya 1 pole, 2
pole, 3 pole, 1pole + neutral, 2 pole + neutral dan masih banyak lagi
jenis koneksinya sesuai dengan kebutuhan konsumen.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBg7KndFzwbwLqU58tms3evdcjGTUvFfGj_epMy3MdxI7oZvsqy4lkd_Xi-wuxeDxperZQAORj6shJHN6UFJEmYIzhXhdVfkBGSF2dFbZOW5eLdPP5Z7wxYPXtSKW6AsFMcCvrdlWXXvhr/s1600/koneksi+MCB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="441" data-original-width="500" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBg7KndFzwbwLqU58tms3evdcjGTUvFfGj_epMy3MdxI7oZvsqy4lkd_Xi-wuxeDxperZQAORj6shJHN6UFJEmYIzhXhdVfkBGSF2dFbZOW5eLdPP5Z7wxYPXtSKW6AsFMcCvrdlWXXvhr/s400/koneksi+MCB.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Gambar 1. Jenis-jenis koneksi pada MCB</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiJ6-zp-Iibh4eNLYYVvBwz1YbCSWJhCXqJqck4Q4YxSh3RfcttZ56d9LPdTuSy5D7PoSRcDfvPky9FA_jdc_RgQwsaEIK8cu8hOrP2L2ZbF-9PpUi7zWUIs3IuWSoso_euwLu6bVDOF9V/s1600/mcb+1+pole.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="296" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiJ6-zp-Iibh4eNLYYVvBwz1YbCSWJhCXqJqck4Q4YxSh3RfcttZ56d9LPdTuSy5D7PoSRcDfvPky9FA_jdc_RgQwsaEIK8cu8hOrP2L2ZbF-9PpUi7zWUIs3IuWSoso_euwLu6bVDOF9V/s320/mcb+1+pole.png" width="188" /></a></div>
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Gambar 2. Contoh MCB 1 Pole</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCJ8OQ0fTax1oxwmFpI1Q24x_ruhDdOOTl2Uj1SPW66MnsXeexqrmG3B038H-M7d6EgBAruxifwGew9HCx0gwBup7BevBcphieH9hX5JxMGegdo5TECtZIIwVwJsE0HCy0tYqYZYzR4cxW/s1600/mcb+2+pole.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="357" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCJ8OQ0fTax1oxwmFpI1Q24x_ruhDdOOTl2Uj1SPW66MnsXeexqrmG3B038H-M7d6EgBAruxifwGew9HCx0gwBup7BevBcphieH9hX5JxMGegdo5TECtZIIwVwJsE0HCy0tYqYZYzR4cxW/s320/mcb+2+pole.png" width="228" /></a></div>
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Gambar 3. Contoh MCB 2 Pole</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN0EO_9Amd4MmQlT874ERBm2COdUX3C4mX-5dsKy-muEQtg91Luj1AqIqQZQw4d4jZWD50NmEpLyXdgtYJYqf979DPKG7zsJbwv1FnAOFAEC5lBCVjwWRa-e1lolrZEOxz0gW1t6STwYn2/s1600/mcb+3+pole.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="433" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN0EO_9Amd4MmQlT874ERBm2COdUX3C4mX-5dsKy-muEQtg91Luj1AqIqQZQw4d4jZWD50NmEpLyXdgtYJYqf979DPKG7zsJbwv1FnAOFAEC5lBCVjwWRa-e1lolrZEOxz0gW1t6STwYn2/s320/mcb+3+pole.png" width="277" /></a></div>
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Gambar 4. Contoh MCB 3 Pole</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal MCB berfungsi sebagai saklar
yang memutuskan hubungan arus listrik secara manual, namun bila terjadi
kelebihan penggunaan daya listrik akan terjadi pemutusan arus listrik secara
otomatis. Supaya tidak sering terjadi pemutusan arus listrik secara
otomatis, atau sering kita sebut trip (jeglek), maka kita harus bisa menghitung
penggunaan atau konsumsi daya listrik pada peralatan listrik/elektronik rumah
tangga. Untuk menghitung daya listrik rumah yang digunakan, maka kita
dapat menggunakan rumus perhitungan konversi VoltAmpere (VA) ke Watt (W)
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volt
x Ampere x Cos phi = Watt</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh peralatan listrik/elektronik yang biasa
digunakan di rumah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">- </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">1 unit AC 1/2 PK @400 Watt,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- 1 unit TV LED 32" @55 Watt,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- 1 unit lemari @120 Watt,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- 1 unit sektrika @300 Watt,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- 1 unit mesin cuci @300 Watt,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- 1 unit rice cooker @350 Watt,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- 6 buah lampu penerangan @ 18 Watt = 108
Watt.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua daya listrik diatas ditotal menjadi 1.633
Watt, jika besar factor daya (cos phi) dianggap 1 maka total daya listrik
tersebut sebesar 1.633 VA. Total Daya tersebut bisa dikonversikan menjadi
arus listrik dengan rumus Arus = Watt / Volt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arus = 1633 Watt / 220 Volt = 7,4227 Ampere.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila rumah hanya menggunakan daya listrik sebesar
1300VA atau 6A maka saklar MCB akan selalu trip (jeglek). Untuk itu rumah
kita harus memiliki daya listrik yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan daya listrik
tersebut yaitu memilih daya listrik sebesar 2200VA atau 10A. Gunakan
pembatas dan pengaman arus dengan rating MCB 10A untuk menjaga keamanan rumah
dari terjadinya konsleting atau arus pendek yang bisa menyebabkan kerusakan
pada peralatan listrik/elektronik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ELCB/RCCB<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ELCB (Earth
Leakage Circuit Breaker) merupakan peralatan pemutus/pengaman listrik yang berfungsi
sebagai peralatan keselamatan untuk digunakan pada instalasi sistem tenaga
listrik dengan impedansi pentanahan yang tinggi untuk mencegah kejadian
tersengat listrik. Alat ini akan mendeteksi jika ada tegangan sisa pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>enclosure<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></i>peralatan yang terbuat dari logam
dan akan memutus rangkaian listrik ketika tegangan yang berbahaya terdeteksi.
Secara garis besar ada dua jenis ELCB, ELCB yang bekerja berdasarkan tegangan
dan ELCB yang bekerja berdasarkan arus atau biasa dikenal sebagai RCCB
(Residual Current Circuit Breaker).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie7MuUr96_2-JWqKdW_TEFueVffp0zflv-VjfSfqF9b1rpembdjBBSOZvib7AeG10uvE9tz4DUIJe-NaN0nuYBauzT5aPK_qRgfeHLHgMBHWlnOWqbPsT1QKAkD24FXtB0nMc84MrwtEPQ/s1600/wiring+ELCB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="436" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie7MuUr96_2-JWqKdW_TEFueVffp0zflv-VjfSfqF9b1rpembdjBBSOZvib7AeG10uvE9tz4DUIJe-NaN0nuYBauzT5aPK_qRgfeHLHgMBHWlnOWqbPsT1QKAkD24FXtB0nMc84MrwtEPQ/s400/wiring+ELCB.jpg" width="348" /></a></div>
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Gambar 5. Wiring diagram ELCB</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketika tegangan dari bagian </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">enclosure </i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">peralatan tersebut meningkat (sebagai akibat dari bersentuhannya kawat/bus fasa dengan
bagian</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">enclosure </i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">atau
terjadi kegagalan insulasi) yang dapat menimbulkan terjadinya perbedaan
tegangan antara tanah dan bagian enclosure yang menimbulkan potensi terjadinya
sengatan listrik. Perbedaan tegangan ini akan menghasilkan arus yang mengalir
dari bagian enclosure peralatan melewati kumparan relai menuju ke tanah. Ketika
tingkat tegangan di bagian enclosure peralatan melebihi 50 Volt, besarnya arus
yang melewati kumparan relai dapat menggerakkan kontak relai yang memutus
sumber arus yang dapat mencegah bahaya sengatan listrik. ELCB akan tetap dalam
kondisi OFF sampai di reset secara manual.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih4ueBs-5S758Jz_sJogp9RY_rVb6Q26VBibLFFpX4NgMmxrO_TfGQWNqh6rtMlNuqopIJUYWnj0VRBMm9nREEF5MzmARBGbBG_65cTC5OhUaONNq1WAcXNzgWfsHB2lJ19T3W_d7-J6Jr/s1600/ELCB+60-70.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="233" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih4ueBs-5S758Jz_sJogp9RY_rVb6Q26VBibLFFpX4NgMmxrO_TfGQWNqh6rtMlNuqopIJUYWnj0VRBMm9nREEF5MzmARBGbBG_65cTC5OhUaONNq1WAcXNzgWfsHB2lJ19T3W_d7-J6Jr/s400/ELCB+60-70.jpg" width="186" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBmSRjcRO3WHkhX4mpfRxNaVPrhocENelBGS1g2dEN1OKmyL5Tl1ktP7sUNImh_dUb_08WGe2pgJ3nq37mbL8Kym1blPOYCMnfzmoWveayxIkbIqyYaKany-EpFZKTYeOSBad8oD8boNRx/s1600/ELCB2+60-70.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="264" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBmSRjcRO3WHkhX4mpfRxNaVPrhocENelBGS1g2dEN1OKmyL5Tl1ktP7sUNImh_dUb_08WGe2pgJ3nq37mbL8Kym1blPOYCMnfzmoWveayxIkbIqyYaKany-EpFZKTYeOSBad8oD8boNRx/s400/ELCB2+60-70.jpg" width="211" /></a></div>
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Gambar 6. Contoh ELCB produk tahun 1970-an</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Namun yang perlu diingat adalah
ELCB berbasis tegangan tidak mendeteksi arus gangguan dari bagian yang bertegangan
ke bagian yang ditanahkan, melainkan hanya mendeteksi apabila terjadi perbedaan
potensial antara bagian enclosure yang seharusnya tidak bertegangan dengan
kawat pentanahan sebagai acuan tegangan 0 volt. Jika terjadi gangguan dari
bagian yang bertegangan dengan pentanahan di luar rangkaian peralatan tersebut
(misalnya orang atau suatu pipa metal) maka ELCB berbasis tegangan ini tidak
akan terputus karena tegangan pada kawat pentanahan peralatan tidak berubah.
Bahkan ketika gangguan terjadi antara bagian bertegangan dan pentanahan dari
rangkaian peralatan, kondisi paralel pada jalur pentanahan yang diciptakan oleh
pipa gas atau air dapat menyebabkan ELCB akan dilewatkan begitu saja. Sebagian
besar arus gangguan akan melewati pipa karena impedansi pada kawat pentanahan
kan jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan ratusan meter pipa metal yang terkubur
di dalam tanah. Oleh karena hal inilah ELCB yang berbasis tegangan sudah
ditinggalkan dan digantikan dengan ELCB berbasis arus atau biasa disebut RCCB.
(Residual Current Circuit Breaker)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Perangkat ELCB berbasis arus atau
dikenal dengan nama RCCB atau dikenal juga dengan istilah Residual Current
Device (RCD) merupakan perangkat listrik juga berfungsi untuk melindungi dari
arus bocor. Kedua rangkaian konduktor (konduktor suplai dan konduktor kembali)
dilewatkan pada kumparan pendeteksi. Jika ada ketidakseimbangan pada arus maka
akan menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan pada medan magnet, sehingga medan magnet
tidak benar benar menghilangkan satu sama lain.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhaDJ7l_ung6FIOVUps_Fygw9Iad9rcCDWMJsh9gqOx_w2u19uVexlGTV0bcPHEsHAoKjsthigoDXSVr0d97GUg8CR0ja2nuBamZ4GPOUWA2Hii_9BlvVgeKmAjNMC_wL_bdswkKozFk84/s1600/wiring+RCCB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="500" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhaDJ7l_ung6FIOVUps_Fygw9Iad9rcCDWMJsh9gqOx_w2u19uVexlGTV0bcPHEsHAoKjsthigoDXSVr0d97GUg8CR0ja2nuBamZ4GPOUWA2Hii_9BlvVgeKmAjNMC_wL_bdswkKozFk84/s400/wiring+RCCB.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitYbHZzC79BLGTJLVDrBvZ5imDrAqy0wnD3N2yHUyZBYBcy06bPHRqWrnUwd3mhl7qcIU73FP8dw40fWkdcBFc-GCpYGxoLK7FWeoD0AnJdFt1SVCWcuDFUSER826rG0PXL7pRNLH1_DTW/s1600/wiring+RCCB2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="439" data-original-width="500" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitYbHZzC79BLGTJLVDrBvZ5imDrAqy0wnD3N2yHUyZBYBcy06bPHRqWrnUwd3mhl7qcIU73FP8dw40fWkdcBFc-GCpYGxoLK7FWeoD0AnJdFt1SVCWcuDFUSER826rG0PXL7pRNLH1_DTW/s320/wiring+RCCB2.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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Keterangan : 1 = Trip coil, 2 = Search coil, 3 = Torodial iron core, 4 = Test switch</div>
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<br /></div>
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Gambar 7. Wiring diagram RCCB</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLL1z6DtPv23dVdiB8ND3sv5s9zq4IGtTEMG03geMCse0I13ZE1uQrdtEP6bzhoDU3DH70vMkPyVHySm3VDrzeNuwXf5EBBH4liXJb-yXdQJ5IqQ59x21XwZkmtPGhcgOsUHxWlZ3kAeEA/s1600/RCCB+1+phase.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="324" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLL1z6DtPv23dVdiB8ND3sv5s9zq4IGtTEMG03geMCse0I13ZE1uQrdtEP6bzhoDU3DH70vMkPyVHySm3VDrzeNuwXf5EBBH4liXJb-yXdQJ5IqQ59x21XwZkmtPGhcgOsUHxWlZ3kAeEA/s320/RCCB+1+phase.jpg" width="206" /></a></div>
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Gambar 8. Contoh RCCB 1 Phase</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kumparan sumber (kumparan fasa),
kumparan netral dan kumparan pendeteksi semuanya dililitkan pada bagian inti
dari transformator. Pada suatu rangkaian yang normal maka terdapat sejumlah
arus yang besarnya sama masuk melewati kumparan fasa menuju beban dan kembali
melalui kumparan netral. Baik kumparan fasa maupun kumparan netral dililit
dengan cara berlawanan sehingga mereka menghasilkan fluks magnetik yang juga
saling berlawanan. Ketika terdapat arus yang besarnya sama melewati kumparan
fasa dan kumparan netral, maka fluks magnet yang timbul akan saling
menghilangkan satu sama lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Ketika terjadi gangguan
atau ada arus bocor ke tanah di rangkaian beban, atau dimanapun diantara
rangkaian beban dan output dari rangkaian RCD maka arus kembali yang melalui
kumparan netral akan berkurang. Sehingga fluks magnet yang dihasilkan pada inti
transformator tidak seimbang lagi. Sisa dari flux magnet yang tertinggal inilah
yang dinamakan fluks residu. Perubahan dari fluks residu di dalam inti
transformator akan memotong kumparan pendeteksi. Kejadian ini akan menghasilkan
electromotive force (emf) pada kumparan pendeteksi. Gaya emf ini pada
dasarnya merupakan arus bolak balik (AC). Tegangan yang terinduksi di kumparan
pendeteksi akan menghasilkan arus di dalam kawat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>trip circuit</i>. Arus inilah yang
mengoperasikan I<i>tripping coil</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dari
pemutus tenaga. Karena arus pembuat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>trip </i>ini
didorong oleh fluks magnet residu antara kumparan fasa dan kumparan netral,
maka arus ini dinamakan perangkat arus residu (residual current device).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> RCCB (Residual Current Circuit
Breaker) berfungsi sebagai alat pengaman arus bocor ke tanah atau saklar
pengaman arus sisa yang bekerja dengan sistem differential, dengan penggolongan
arus <30 mA untuk proteksi terhadap manusia dan <300 mA untuk proteksi
terhadap bahaya kebakaran bangunan/gedung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> RCCB bekerja memutus arus listrik
saat terdeteksi ada kebocoran arus listrik ke grounding atau tanah. Prinsip
kerjanya adalah mendeteksi adanya arus bocor baik pada gangguan tanah maupun
gangguan terhadap ground dengan cara membandingkan nilai antara fasa dan netral
dari suatu system, dimana arus yang keluar melalui titik fasa dan netral pada
suatu sistem instalasi selalu berbanding lurus (seimbang). Apabila ada
perbedaan nilai pada titik fasa dan netral yang diakibatkan oleh adanya
gangguan tidak seimbang antara titik fasa terhadap tanah atau ground maka RCCB
tersebut akan memutuskan aliran listrik pada suatu sistem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> RCCB (Residual Current Circuit
Breaker) memiliki fungsi melindungi manusia dari sengatan listrik dan bahaya
kebakaran akibat adanya gangguan pada instalasi listrik yang tidak baik.
Sering kita dengar cerita tentang
seseorang yang meninggal karena mengalami kesetrum saat berada di kamar mandi.
Kejadian ini seharusnya bisa dicegah bila peralatan yang memiliki arus
listrik di kamar mandi dipasang RCCB, sehingga bila terjadi konsleting yang
menyebabkan seseorang tersetrum maka secara otomatis arus listrik akan
diputuskan oleh RCCB. Kejadian tersebut terjadi karena adanya bahaya arus
listrik bocor dengan memiliki daya arus lebih dari 1Ampere. Mengalami
kesetrum sudah sering terjadi kepada siapa saja, namun tingkat bahayanya masih
sebatas terkejut seperti kesemutan dan masih aman, namun kita harus tetap
melindungi keluarga dari bahaya arus bocor. Oleh karena itu RCCB perlu dipasang
pada peralatan listrik/eletronik yang berhubungan dengan air seperti lemari es,
mesin cuci, pompa air yang memiliki resiko besar terjadinya kesetrum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kelebihan dari RCCB adalah bila
seseorang mengalami tersengat listrik, maka RCCB ini akan dapat bekerja dalam
waktu kurang dari 0,1 detik untuk memutuskan aliran arus listrik. Selain
melindungi manusia, RCCB juga sangat berguna untuk melindungi peralatan yang
sangat sensitif terhadap kebocoran listrik akibat kesalahan instalasi dan juga
untuk melindungi bangunan/gedung dari bahaya kebakaran akibat kebocoran atau
konsleting kabel listrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RCBO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> RCBO (Residualcurrent Circuit
Breaker with Overload Protection) adalah inovasi terbaru dari Schneider
Electric yang menggabungkan fungsi MCB dan ELCB/RCCB. RCBO ini dirancang lebih
ramping dan hemat ruangan. Dengan penggunaan RCBO ini kerusakan jaringan
listrik lebih mudah dideteksi. Penggunaan RCBO juga disarankan untuk area
lembab seperti area kamar mandi, dapur, kolam renang dan sebagainya. Intinya wajib
dioptimalkan penggunaannya pada area rumah/gedung yang lembab.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> RCBO merupakan kombinasi gabungan
antara MCB dan ELCB/RCCB dengan lebar yang sama dengan lebar MCB sehingga lebih
hemat tempat dan sederhana saat pemasangannya. RCBO mempunyai fungsi sebagai
proteksi terhadap arus bocor/setrum dan mencegah terjadinya hubungan singkat
atau konsleting. Bila telah menggunakan RCBO pada peralatan listrik/eletronik,
maka tidak diperlukan lagi menggunakan MCB dan ELCB/RCCB karena RCBO bisa bertugas menggantikan
fungsi MCB dan ELCB/RCCB serta lebih hemat dalam penggunaannya. Harga 1 unit RCBO
dijual lebih hemat dibanding dengan harga masing-masing 1 unit MCB dan 1 unit ELCB/RCCB. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun RCBO diwajibkan penggunaannya pada area
rumah/gedung yang lembab, tidak ada salahnya jika kita gunakan juga pada rumah
tinggal untuk menghindari bahaya tersengat/kesetrum listrik di rumah yang
kita tempati. Berdasarkan Persyaratan Umum Instalasi Listrik (PUIL), pencegahan
mengalirnya arus gangguan melalui badan manusia, ternak, dan sesuatu yang
menyebabkan kebakaran, membutuhkan alat tambahan selain MCB, yaitu ELCB/RCCB.
Dengan menggunakan RCBO di rumah tinggal berarti selain menggunakan MCB sebagai
pembatas dan pengamanan arus lebih kita juga telah menggunakan ELCB/RCCB
sebagai pengaman tersengat arus listrik akibat kebocoran isolasi
kabel listrik, karena RCBO merupakan kombinasi antara fungsi MCB dan ELCB/RCCB dalam
satu unit produk dengan ukuran yang sama seperti ukuran MCB yaitu selebar 18
mm, sehingga hemat tempat dan lebih sederhana dari segi pemasangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut UU No. 30 Pasal
29 th 2009, konsumen wajib melaksanakan pengamanan terhadap bahaya akibat
pemanfaatan tenaga listrik, karena sesuai dengan data bahwa arus listrik yang
mengalir pada manusia sebesar 80mA menyebabkan gangguan pada jantung dan
sekitar 73% dari jumlah kebakaran bangunan rumah dan gedung perkantoran di
indonesia diakibatkan oleh kebocoran atau konsleting arus listrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Keunggulan dari RCBO antara lain
adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">- </span><i>3 in 1 (</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">3 Proteksi dalam 1
Produk), yakni pengaman beban lebih, pengaman hubung singkat dan pengaman arus bocor (anti kesetrum).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">- </span><i>D</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">imensi ramping dengan lebar 18 mm, sama dengan lebar
1 unit MCB</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<em style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Instalasi mudah, </span></em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">cukup lepaskan MCB yang lama, ganti
dengan RCBO dan pasang kabel netral.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">- </span><i>Harga Ekonomis, </i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">harga RCBO lebih ekonomis
dibandingkan dengan harga MCB + ELCB/RCCB.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- RCBO telah diuji sesuai dengan standar IEC
dan SNI.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_utwrjOMgICKrvgOywCxGgGqXg6iSeuKxhZDh-Ny3r16ddODXBPbUN-15TZpKeTYqXf4MToobixrOM-SBmE2XHF85R6jqaJjpLVqkzCdYSY5bQlphBo1PgoMKwey43i7V6h42rQKjDaHe/s1600/RCBO+1+phase.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="566" data-original-width="566" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_utwrjOMgICKrvgOywCxGgGqXg6iSeuKxhZDh-Ny3r16ddODXBPbUN-15TZpKeTYqXf4MToobixrOM-SBmE2XHF85R6jqaJjpLVqkzCdYSY5bQlphBo1PgoMKwey43i7V6h42rQKjDaHe/s320/RCBO+1+phase.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Gambar 9. Contoh RCBO 1 Phase</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Secara garis besar perbedaan antara MCB, ELCB/RCCB dan RCBO dapat dirangkum seperti pada tabel berikut ini.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan MCB, ELCB/RCCB dan RCBO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 546px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SPESIFIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MCB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -4.4pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ELCB/RCCB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RCBO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlindungan beban
lebih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlindungan hubung singkat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlindungan Arus
Bocor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lebar 1 Pole<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">18mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">36mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">18mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proteksi terhadap
manusia 30mA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proteksi bahaya
kebakaran 300mA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-37985268997392420512018-03-23T22:10:00.003+07:002023-10-27T09:23:56.472+07:00Buku Standard Dasar Gambar Teknik<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Gambar teknik merupakan bahasa komunikasi dalam bentuk gambar visual yang universal dalam bidang teknik. Oleh karena itu gambar teknik perlu distandarisasi sesuai dengan standard DIN maupun ISO yang berlaku di seluruh dunia, sehingga gambar teknik yang dihasilkan oleh seorang perencana benda teknik atau pekerjaan teknik dapat dimengerti dan dipahami oleh setiap orang pelakasana pekerjaan di bidang teknik tersebut yang berlaku di seluruh dunia. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Dengan alasan tersebut di atas hampir seluruh sekolah teknik dan fakultas teknik di dunia ini mewajibkan mata pelajaran atau mata kuliah gambar teknik yang tentunya disesuaikan dengan jurusan/program keahlian/program studi masing-masing sekolah atau fakultas teknik tersebut, agar para siswa/mahasiswa teknik memahami standard dasar gambar teknik. Sehungga setelah lulus kelak siswa/mahasiswa teknik tersebut dapat mengkomunikasikan ide/gagasan menciptakan produk-produk teknik maupun pekerjaan teknik dalam bentuk gambar-gambar teknik yang sesuai dengan standard gambar teknik kepada orang lain atau kepada pelaksana pekerjaan teknik di lapangan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Nah, bagi sobat bloger yang ingin mempelajari standard dasar gambar teknik dapat membacanya di buku yang berjudul <b>"STANDARD DASAR GAMBAR TEKNIK"</b> ini. Bahasan dalam buku ini terdiri dari 5 Bab, Bab I membahas tentang perlatan dan bahan gambar teknik, Bab II membahas tentang penggunaan dan perawatan peralatan gambar teknik, Bab III membahas tentang standarisasi gambar teknik, Bab IV membahas tentang macam-macam proyeksi gambar teknik, dan Bab V melampirkan tugas-tugas gambar teknik dari beberapa jurusan/program studi teknik. Untuk lebih jelasnya berikut di bawah ini disajikan daftar isi dari buku tersebut.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoTitleCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="line-height: 150%;">KATA
PENGANTAR …………………………………………………….…………...</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">i</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">DAFTAR
ISI ………….………………………………………………….…………. ii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">BAB
I : PERALATAN DAN BAHAN GAMBAR TEKNIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->ALAT DAN BAHAN KONVENSIONAL……………….……………… 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->PENSIL DAN PENA ……………………………………….…………… 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->JANGKA ……………………………..…………………….……………. 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->PENGGARIS DAN SABLON <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Penggaris T ………………………………………..…………………. 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Penggaris Segitiga …………………………………………………… 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Sablon (Mal) …………………………………….…………………… 11<span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">E.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->PERALATAN PENDUKUNG<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Mistar Skala ………………………………………………………… 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Busur Derajat ……………………………………………………….. 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Penghapus ……………………………………………………...…… 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Pelindung Penghapus……………………………………………….. 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Pita Gambar ………………………………………………………… 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Alas Kertas Gambar ……………………………………..…………. 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Papan dan Meja Gambar …………………………………..……….. 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Mesin Gambar ……………………………………………………… 17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Computer Aided Design (CAD) ………………………………….… 20<span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">F.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->LEMBAR KERJA
……………………………………………...……… 22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">BAB II : PENGGUNAAN DAN PERAWATAN ALAT GAMBAR TEKNIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PENGGUNAAN ALAT GAMBAR TEKNIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Menempatkan Kertas Gambar ………….………..….….……….…... 23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Memindahkan Ukuran …….……………...........…………...…..……
24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Menggambar Garis Lurus …………….………………...…………… 24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Menggambar Lingkaran …………………..………………...………. 25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Meninta Gambar …………………………...……………………...… 27<span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PENYIMPANAN GAMBAR TEKNIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Almari Gambar ……………………………………….……….…….. 28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Selongsong Tabung Dapat Dilipat …………………………......…….
28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kotak Arsip …………………………………………..……………… 29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pita Ordner …………………...……………………………………… 29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Mikro Film ………………………………………….……………….. 30</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->MELIPAT KERTAS GAMBAR TEKNIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Melipat Kertas Gambar Teknik Ukuran A0
……….………...……... 35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Melipat Kertas Gambar Teknik Ukuran A1 ……………………...…
37<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Melipat Kertas Gambar Teknik Ukuran A2 ……………..…………. 40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Melipat Kertas Gambar Teknik Ukuran A3 ………………...………
43<span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PERAWATAN ALAT GAMBAR TEKNIK …………………...……… 46<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">E.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->LEMBAR KERJA ……………………………………………………… 47<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">BAB III : STANDARISASI GAMBAR TEKNIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->STANDARISASI HURUF DAN ANGKA <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Posisi dan Orientasi Teks Ukuran Dalam Dimensi .................…...… 50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penggambaran Kepala Panah Ukuran ……………….……………... 60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kepala Panah Bersudut 30° Tertutup dan Diisi
……….………... 61<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kepala Panah Bersudut 30° Terbuka …………………………… 62</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->STANDARISASI TANDA ARSIR UNTUK BAHAN
TEKNIK……… 63<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->STANDARISASI TABEL DAN DAFTAR GAMBAR TEKNIK……... 66<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->STANDARISASI KETERANGAN GAMBAR TEKNIK…….……….. 69<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">E.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->STANDARISASI GARIS GAMBAR TEKNIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ukuran Proporsional Garis Gambar …………………………..……. 75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penggunaan Garis Gambar …………………………………………. 79<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus Tipis Sebagai Garis Imaginer ………………...…… 81<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus Tipis Sebagai Garis Ukuran ………………………. 83<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus Tipis Sebagai Garis Pembantu Ukuran
…………… 83<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus Tipis Sebagai Garis Petunjuk ……………….……..
84<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus Tipis Sebagai Garis Arsir ………….……………… 85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus Tipis Sebagai Garis Sisi Potongan/Irisan……….….
85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus Tipis Sebagai Garis Pusat Lingkaran
Pendek……… 86<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">h.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus Tipis Sebagai Garis Diameter
Ulir……………...…. 87<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus
Tipis Sebagai Simbol Origin dan Terminator………88<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">j.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus
Tipis Sebagai Garis Diagonal Permukaan Rat.……. 91<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">k.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus Tipis Sebagai Garis Tekukan …………...…………
93<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">l.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus
Tipis Sebagai Bingkai dari Detail ………………… 94<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">m.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus Tipis Sebagai Penanda dari Detail
Berulang………. 94<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">n.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus Tipis Sebagai Garis Interpretasi Benda
Kerucut…....97<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">o.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus Tipis Menggambarkan Bagian
Berlapis-lapis…....…98<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">p.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus Tipis Sebagai Garis Proyeksi ……………...………100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">q.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus Tipis Sebagai Garis Kisi-Kisi
……………….…….. 100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">r.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus
Tipis Tangan Bebas …………………….…………. 102<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">s.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus Tipis Dengan Zigzag …………………………….. 103<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">t.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Garis Lurus
Tebal …………………………………………...… 104<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">u.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Putus2 Tipis Sebagai Garis Bentuk Tak
Kelihatan……….107<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">v.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Putus2 Tipis Sbg Garis Sisi Tepi Tajam Tak
Kelihatan….109<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">w.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Putus2 Tebal Sebagai Penanda Bagian
Tertentu…...…….110<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">x.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Putus2 Panjang Bertitik Tipis Sebagai Garis
Sumbu…….111</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">y.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Putus2 Panjang Bertitik Tipis Sebagai Garis
Pusat………113<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">z.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Putus2 Panjang Bertitik Tebal Sebagai Penanda
Area Terbatas………………………………………………....……114<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">aa.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis Putus2 Panjang Bertitik Tebal Sebagai Penanda </span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Lokasi
Bidang Potong Penanda ……………………………….115</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Garis-Garis Yang Berhimpit ……………………………………….116</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">F.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->SKALA GAMBAR TEKNIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Skala Pembesaran …………………………………...…………….. 116<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Skala Penuh …………………………………………..…………… 117<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Skala Pengecilan ………………………………………….……….. 117<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lebar Garis …………………………………………………...…… 118<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Tinggi Tulisan …………………………………………………….. 118</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">G.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->LEMBAR KERJA ……………………………………..……………… 119<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">BAB IV : MACAM-MACAM PROYEKSI GAMBAR TEKNIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PRINSIP GAMBAR PROYEKSI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Proyeksi Orthogonal (Gambar Pandangan Majemuk)
….………….. 121<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Proyeksi Piktoral ……………......………………………….……..... 123</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PROYEKSI EROPA DAN AMERIKA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Cara Proyeksi Sudut Pertama .………………………...…………… 126<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Cara Proyeksi Sudut Ketiga …………………..……..……..………. 127<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Cara Dengan Menggunakan Tanda Panah……………...…...……....
129<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengenalan Cara-Cara Proyeksi dan Lambangnya
…………..……...129<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Perbandingan Antara Proyeksi Sudut I dan Proyeksi
Sudut III..…… 130</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PROYEKSI AKSONOMETRI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Proyeksi Isometri ……………………………...…..………………..133<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Proyeksi Dimetri ………………………………...………………….134<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Proyeksi Trimetri ……………………………………...……………135</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PROYEKSI MIRING, KABINET, KAVALIER DAN PERSPEKTIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Proyeksi Kavalier …………………………………………………. 137<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Proyeksi Perspektif ……………….………………………..……… 137</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">E.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->LEMBAR KERJA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lembar Kerja I ……………………………………………...……... 138<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lembar Kerja II …………………………………………...………. 139<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lembar Kerja III ……………………………………………….….. 140<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lembar Kerja IV …………………………………………..………. 141<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">BAB V : LAMPIRAN TUGAS-TUGAS GAMBAR TEKNIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->LAMPIRAN GAMBAR ANEKA GARIS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 1 : Gambar
macam-macam garis miring ………………... 145<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 2 : Gambar lukisan
dengan jangka………………………. 146<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 3 : Gambar
lukisan aneka garis…………………..……… 147<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 4 : Gambar aneka
garis lurus…………………………….. 148</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->LAMPIRAN GAMBAR PROYEKSI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 5 : Gambar bidang
dinding kubus……………….……… 149<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 6 : Gambar bidang
dinding limas……………………….. 150<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 7 : Gambar bidang
dinding limas terpancung……...…… 151<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 8 : Gambar bidang
dinding silinder…………….………. 152<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 9 : Gambar bidang
dinding kerucut………..…………… 153<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 10 : Gambar
bidang dinding kerucut terpancung….……. 154<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 11 : Gambar
proyeksi model kubus…………………..… 155<span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 12 : Gambar
proyeksi model kerucut…………………… 157</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->LAMPIRAN GAMBAR TEKNIK ELEKTRO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 13 : Gambar simbol elektro dan elektronika
(bag 1)……..157</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 14 : Gambar simbol elektro dan elektronika
(bag 2)….….158</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 15 : Gambar rangkaaian instalasi penerangan
dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> saklar kutub tunggal dan
saklar kutub ganda………………….…… 159</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 16 : Gambar rangkaian instalasi penerangan
dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> saklar tukar…………………………………………..………….. 160</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 17 : Gambar rangkaian instalasi penerangan
dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> saklar tukar dan saklar
kelompok………………………………….. 161</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 18 : Gambar instalasi penerangan toko………………….
162</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->LAMPIRAN GAMBAR TEKNIK MESIN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 19 : Gambar ulir dan roda ulir……………………...……
163</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 20 : Gambar roda gigi terkait ……………………...……
164</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 21 : Gambar roda gigi paying ………………………….. 165</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 22 : Gambar mur dan baut ……………………………… 166</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 23 : Gambar transmisi pemindah tenaga ………….…….
167</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitleCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">E.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->LAMPIRAN GAMBAR TEKNIK BANGUNAN (CIVIL)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 24 : Gambar tampak profil rumah tinggal……….………
168</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 25 : Gambar rencana denah rumah tinggal……………...
169</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 26 : Gambar tampak profil pondasi……………..……….
170</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lampiran 27 : Gambar tampak profil jembatan……………...…….
171</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">DAFTAR PUSTAKA …………………………………………………...….……… 172<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Bagi sobat bloger yang berminat untuk mendapatkan buku ini bisa menghubungi pihak penerbit dengan memilih bentuk buku sesuai dengan selera masing-masing sobat bloger, karena seperti biasanya pihak penerbit telah menyediakan buku ini dalam 2 pilihan bentuk yakni :</span></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1. Bentuk buku cetak, yang dicetak pada kertas HVS 70 gram (untuk isi) dan kertas glossy 230 gram (untuk cover), dengan ukuran 28 x 20 cm setebal 181 halaman, hanya seharga Rp110.000 belum termasuk ongkos kirim (pengiriman buku cetak via POS, JNE atau J&T).</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVWwrI4svgN3Dc6e7aqCc90LkKXbvPDg0R0j9wrEF0Ynnsgr4OyyKe-EDJhCS2gGvolCGUwQRrjb3Jo89ZEwbvhYu8CV-A0LoTc-6sRJHhEd6ZS5EaFWpnZS-eXp3hG_rfH-lzisoAkhDr/s1600/photobuku.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><img border="0" data-original-height="554" data-original-width="554" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVWwrI4svgN3Dc6e7aqCc90LkKXbvPDg0R0j9wrEF0Ynnsgr4OyyKe-EDJhCS2gGvolCGUwQRrjb3Jo89ZEwbvhYu8CV-A0LoTc-6sRJHhEd6ZS5EaFWpnZS-eXp3hG_rfH-lzisoAkhDr/s1600/photobuku.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2. Bentuk ebook dengan format file PDF sebesar 39 MB yang dikemas dalam kepingan CD/DVD yang dimasukkan dalam casing CD/DVD, hanya seharga Rp 55.000 belum termasuk ongkos kirim (pengiriman casing dan keping CD/DVD via POS, JNE atau J&T).</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAXh6IPB7wRKMWMLYCJY1l8aVTj0l9SieR6HJCExLtU0njKtJcIU7XpevefhBR6l02WgxNifRxzCSxPHNmNKUPRmYJWtSX_D42rg262SVOAOtkzx33OstvQLbgZhpeTvOzpKpKcDgGqiN5/s1600/CD35.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1345" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAXh6IPB7wRKMWMLYCJY1l8aVTj0l9SieR6HJCExLtU0njKtJcIU7XpevefhBR6l02WgxNifRxzCSxPHNmNKUPRmYJWtSX_D42rg262SVOAOtkzx33OstvQLbgZhpeTvOzpKpKcDgGqiN5/s400/CD35.jpg" width="336" /></a></div>
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<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3. Ebook Pdf yang dikirim via email, hanya seharga Rp. 45.000 (gratis ongkos kirim).</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Pemesanan buku/ebook silahkan</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> langsung order di https://lstolshop.bukaolshop.site atau di toko online "listron surya teknik yang ada di shopee, tokopedia, lazada, bukalapak dan blibli.</span></b></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-83396188473149414112018-03-05T22:30:00.000+07:002018-03-05T22:30:10.040+07:00Modifikasi Trafo Bekas Microwave Menjadi Trafo Las Titik (Spot Welding)<div style="text-align: start;">
<span style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Membeli
perangkat las titik (spot welding) memang relatif mahal, namun sebenarnya kita
bisa membuat perangkat ini sendiri dengan trafo bekas dari oven listrik atau
microwave. Trafo microwave memang kapasitas daya listriknya cukup besar yakni
sekitar 1.000 W sampai dengan 2.500 W. Semakin besar kapasitas daya listrik trafo,
maka nantinya energi yang bisa dimanfaatkan untuk las titik akan semakin lebih
baik.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Cara membuat atau modifikasi trafo bekas
microwave menjadi alat Las titik (spot welding) listrik sangatlah mudah dan simple
serta murah meriah. Untuk bahasan kali ini penulis akan menyajikan cara
pembuatan las titik dengan cukup jelas, sederhana dan mudah dipahami.
Selanjutnya penulis harapkan sobat blogger akan lebih mampu untuk mengembangkan
desain atau bentuk sesuai dengan penggunaannya atau sesuai dengan keinginan dan
kebutuhan sobat blogger.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Kita tahu bahwa fungsi las titik
adalah untuk menggabungkan antara besi satu dengan besi lainnya atau untuk plat
satu dengan plat lainnynya dengan cara cukup menekan tanpa harus memberi umpan/pakan
bahan tambah las lainnya. Las titik atau spot welding ini biasa di gunakan
untuk menempelkan antara dua benda plat besi, plat alumunium ataupun plat
stainless stell, juga bisa untuk menempelkan besi batangan kecil. Perlu diingat
bahwa kegunaan las titik atau spot welding ini bukan untuk menyambungankan
antara kedua plat, melainkan hanya menempelkan. Prinsip utama perangkat las
titik ini adalah menginduksikan energi yang dihasilkan oleh lilitan primer ke
lilitan sekunder, dimana lilitan sekunder ini hanya akan terdapat tegangan
(voltage) yang cukup kecil sekitar 3 – 6 V tetapi bisa dilewati arus besar
sekitar 400 – 800 A. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Contoh penggunaan las titik atau spot
welding, jika untuk yang kecilnya bisa melihat titik penempelan rangkaian baterai
laptop atau power bank. Jika yang besar biasanya digunakan menempelkan plat
besi atau lainnya yang punya ketebalan sekitar 2 mm atau tergantung kapasitas
trafo las titiknya. Perangkat las titik ini biasanya untuk keperluan tehnik otomotif,
teknik mesin, teknik listrik, teknik elektronika, teknik industri dan
lain-lain. Ok sobat langsung saja kita bahas cara pembuatan trafo las titik
menggunakan trafo bekas yang di ambil dari Microwave yang sudah tak terpakai.
Sehingga nantinya bisa digunakan untuk menempelkan plat logam dengan ketebalan
sekitar 2 mm atau juga bisa menempelkan besi batangan secara melintang dengan
diameter besi sekitar 5 mm.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bahan-bahan pokok yang perlu
dipersiapkan adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> Satu</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> unit trafo bekas microwave yang masih berfungsi dengan baik.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Kabel
las jenis serabut (fleksibel) ukuran dan panjang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan
modelnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Batangan
tembaga berdiameter 10 mm sepanjang 10 cm atau lebih<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Klem
kabel ukuran diameter lubang 10 mm (dapat juga bikin sendiri)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Kabel
power dan steker (colokan).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Bahan
tangkai atau stang sesuai keinginan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Kabel
NYA ukuran 1,5 mm atau 2,5 mm sepanjang 4 m atau lebih<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Peralatan : <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Palu
karet (mallet)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Obeng
pipih ( – )<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Gergaji
besi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Pahat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tang
kombinasi, tang lancip dan tang potong<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Cutter<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Langkah-langkah
pembuatan :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Siapkan
trafo bekas microwave, buang bagian gulungan atau lilitan primernya sampai
bersih. Jika belum tahu cara membedakan lilitan primer dan sekunder pada
gulungan trafo bekas microwave, perhatikan pada lilitan trafo yang ukuran
kawatnya besar adalah lilitan primer dan yang ukuran kawatnya kecil adalah
lilitan sekunder (lihat gambar 1). Untuk membuang lilitan primer dapat
dilakukan dengan memotongnya menggunakan gergaji besi dan lakukan dengan
hati-hati jangan sampai terkena lilitan sekundernya. Setelah kawat lilitan
primer terpotong, dorong kawat dengan pahat atau sejenis plat besi dan
memukulnya dengan palu secara perlahan-lahan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBv0lM9V1SinqTTJyQkzYtJemlyn0fUjF-Y3XmDNmerFacwyo7HefINjsXz5XOzRF9LVWBagNnKM_JjlC6KpNiAKf3mqPqkTaM4PqggaCMHdmADMYbhEa9XgWfmHF3SJNythTlXhIVhZvA/s1600/trafo+microwave.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="455" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBv0lM9V1SinqTTJyQkzYtJemlyn0fUjF-Y3XmDNmerFacwyo7HefINjsXz5XOzRF9LVWBagNnKM_JjlC6KpNiAKf3mqPqkTaM4PqggaCMHdmADMYbhEa9XgWfmHF3SJNythTlXhIVhZvA/s1600/trafo+microwave.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 1. Trafo
bekas microwave<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Setelah
lilitan primer dibuang dan dibersihkan, potong kabel NYA sepanjang 80 cm sebanyak
kurang lebih 10 batang atau sesuaikan dengan ukuran trafonya dan kupas kulit
isolasinya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Pilin
10 batang kabel NYA yang telah dikupas tadi menjadi satu seperti memilin atau
melilit tambang, setelah itu berilah bungkus atau isolasi kabel, dapat juga dibungkus
dengan selongsong bakar agar lebih praktis pengerjaannya. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Setelah
lilitan kabel tembaga telah siap, masukan kabel tersebut ke lubang gulungan
primer trafo yang telah dibuang lilitannya tadi, lakukan 2 – 3 kali melingkar
dengan mengatur ujung kabel agar ujung kabel yang satu berada di sebelah kiri
dan ujung kabel lainnya berada di sebelah kanan, seperti ditunjukkan pada
gambar 2 di bawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ0tLKyyAxAC8l4xPBzNw7V9iHl4TsxxjznyLjzB4OvCoglOmms4iRRcioHGXnCna9r1tiyPsf4eiTugaPx7K01jxijGhj3ZbKXnQa44ExET3hznGOhs80MfOS0qMqMJnv37W2TMZ5JXjD/s1600/trafo+las+titik.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ0tLKyyAxAC8l4xPBzNw7V9iHl4TsxxjznyLjzB4OvCoglOmms4iRRcioHGXnCna9r1tiyPsf4eiTugaPx7K01jxijGhj3ZbKXnQa44ExET3hznGOhs80MfOS0qMqMJnv37W2TMZ5JXjD/s1600/trafo+las+titik.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 2. Trafo
las titik yang telah digulung<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sambungkan
ujung-ujung kabel yang dililitkan tadi dengan kabel las jenis serabut yang
lebih fleksibel, selanjutnya sambungkan pada ujung kabel las dengan batangan
tembaga sepanjang 5 cm. Jika ingin digunakan untuk mengelas titik plat
lancipkan atau runcingkan ujung batangan tembaga tersebut seperti ujung pensil,
tetapi jika ingin digunkan untuk mengelas titik logam batangan sebaiknya
biarkan ujung batangan tembaga tersebut tumpul.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 105%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. Buatlah desain
rangkaian menyerupai tang atau sesuai dengan kebutuhan, contoh sederhananya seperti
ditunjukkan pada gambar 3 dan 4 di bawah ini.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 105%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaYCiEp39T875TJGoZ4Hz67r1KsZVwZTnfJmM0e62LLejnxU3abopNqSwsjLF1GbEiUYpW4FIGBZVKg9HrRdMDKnbZ9MPMnNshicgjZG2b8qDXmQSjzyiyrNn1EolVzMIN7CrPNleuLGfv/s1600/desain+las+titik.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="382" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaYCiEp39T875TJGoZ4Hz67r1KsZVwZTnfJmM0e62LLejnxU3abopNqSwsjLF1GbEiUYpW4FIGBZVKg9HrRdMDKnbZ9MPMnNshicgjZG2b8qDXmQSjzyiyrNn1EolVzMIN7CrPNleuLGfv/s1600/desain+las+titik.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 3. Desain perangkat las titik sederhana</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixaB7nOw1X8-Mz9fqABmvFzzwTt-DVpWUIrvcKZ7dQGpMs-ff8y1C_1I78XGAJ7rRUhaFGaTY5FOYMbHdPRaCrawxcEqM_fwV_1mIy2KSwTtCaJfrZmD6iN6CuF5PFJC6RxYkrxQN2v00_/s1600/proses+las+titik.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="369" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixaB7nOw1X8-Mz9fqABmvFzzwTt-DVpWUIrvcKZ7dQGpMs-ff8y1C_1I78XGAJ7rRUhaFGaTY5FOYMbHdPRaCrawxcEqM_fwV_1mIy2KSwTtCaJfrZmD6iN6CuF5PFJC6RxYkrxQN2v00_/s1600/proses+las+titik.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 4. Proses
pengelasan titik<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Untuk
pemasangan kabel power yang dicolokkan atau dihubungkan ke sumber listrik,
perhatikan gulungan sekunder pada gambar 1 di atas yang terdapat 2 buah socket
kabel. Gulungan yang terdapat kedua socket kabel tersebut saat ini berubah menjadi gulungan
primer yang nantinya sebagai input sumber listrik AC 1 fasa (fase dan netral),
sedangkan gulungan yang dihubungkan dengan kabel las yang terdapat 2 batangan tembaga
sebagai las titik berubah menjadi gulungan sekunder.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya
dapat ditambahkan saklar on-off dan kipas pendingin (fan) trafo pada box trafo
yang telah dibuat sebelumnya. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Catatan
:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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</div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sebenarnya tidak
harus trafo bekas microwave, jika sobat blogger kesulitan mendapatkan trafo
bekas microwave kita bisa membuatnya sendiri dengan prinsip dan perhitungan
yang sama seperti membuat trafo step-down seperti yang dijelaskan pada buku “Merancang
dan Membuat Trafo Daya Kecil”. Biasanya spesifikasi trafo las titik ini adalah kapasitas
daya sekitar 2.000 W, tegangan input (primer) 220 V (untuk 1 fasa), tegangan
output (sekunder) 4 V.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com42tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-8276241466837539402018-02-02T18:58:00.002+07:002018-02-03T05:25:12.345+07:00Pengaturan Kecepatan Motor Induksi Dengan Inverter VFD atau VSD<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;">Motor induksi
merupakan salah satu peralatan mesin listrik yang banyak digunakan di Industri untuk
keperluan penggerak berbagai mesin pemroses yang ada di industri diantaranya
adalah : Pompa, Kompresor, Fun, Blower, Konveyor, dan penggerak mesin proses
produksi</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="line-height: 150%;">lainnya. Hal</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;">ini disebabkan karena motor induksi
memiliki banyak keunggulan dibanding motor sinkron atau motor DC yaitu
konstruksinya sederhana, awet dan tahan lama, perawatan mudah dan efisiensinya
tinggi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Dibalik keunggulan motor induksi tersebut
terdapat juga kelemahannya yaitu dalam hal pengaturan kecepatan dan torsi awal
yang rendah. Untuk mengatasi kelemahan motor induksi tersebut dapat digunakan sistem
kontrol dengan mengatur tegangan input dan frekuensinya guna mendapatkan
pengaturan kecepatan dan torsi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan proses produksi di
Industri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <span style="line-height: 150%;">Pada kesempatan kali
ini akan dibahas sekelumit tentang pengaturan kecepatan motor induksi dengan
Inverter VFD (Variable Frequensi Drive) atau VSD </span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">(Variable Speed Drive)</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">,
yakni sebagai berikut Parameter yang dibutuhkan dari motor induksi adalah
pengaturan kecepatan dan torsi motor. Untuk itu dibutuhkan pengaturan yang
fleksibel dengan cara mengubah frekuensi inputnya dari 50 Hz (Standard PLN)
menjadi frekuensi yang diinginkan agar motor dapat berputar pada kecepatan yang
diinginkan, sesuai dengan persamaan : <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">n = 120.f / p<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="line-height: 150%;">dimana</span></i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%;"> : n = putaran per menit</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%;"> f = frekuensi listrik (Hz)</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
p = jumlah kutub</span></span></span><br />
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<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Inverter
VFD atau VSD merupakan sebuah alat pengatur kecepatan motor dengan mengubah
nilai frekuensi dan tegangan yang masuk ke motor. Pengaturan nilai frekuensi
dan tegangan ini dimaksudkan untuk mendapatkan kecepatan putaran dan torsi
motor yang di inginkan atau sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Secara sederhana prinsip
dasar inverter untuk dapat mengubah frekuensi menjadi lebih kecil atau lebih
besar yaitu dengan mengubah tegangan AC menjadi tegangan DC kemudian dijadikan
tegangan AC kembali dengan frekuensi yang berbeda atau dapat diatur.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"> Untuk mengubah tegangan AC menjadi DC
dibutuhkan rectifier (penyearah tak terkendali) atau converter (penyearah
terkendali) dan biasanya menggunakan penyearah tak terkendali (rectifier dioda)
namun juga ada yang menggunakan penyearah terkendali (thyristor rectifier).
Setelah tegangan sudah diubah menjadi DC maka diperlukan perbaikan kualitas
tegangan DC dengan menggunakan tapis kapasitor sebagai perata tegangan.
Kemudian tegangan DC diubah menjadi tegangan AC kembali oleh inverter dengan
teknik PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). Dengan teknik PWM ini bisa didapatkan
amplitudo dan frekuensi keluaran yang diinginkan. Selain itu teknik PWM juga
menghasilkan harmonisa yang jauh lebih kecil dari pada teknik yang lain serta menghasilkan
gelombang sinusoida, dimana kita tahu kalau harmonisa ini akan menimbulkan
rugi-rugi pada motor yaitu</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> <span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> cepat
panas. Maka dari itu teknik PWM inilah yang biasanya dipakai dalam inverter
untuk mengubah tegangan DC menjadi AC.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 24px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 105%;">Inverter sebenarnya
berisi rangkaian fip-flop yang melakukan pensaklaran secara bergantian terhadap
listrik DC sehingga menghasilkan listrik AC. Bentuk gelombang yang dihasilkan
dengan rangkaian inverter tersebut bisa gelombang kotak atau gelombang sinus.<span style="background: white;"> Ada beberapa topologi inverter yang ada sekarang ini,
dari yang hanya menghasilkan tegangan keluaran kotak bolak-balik (push-pull
inverter) sampai yang sudah bisa menghasilkan tegangan sinus murni (tanpa
harmonisa). Inverter satu fasa, tiga fasa sampai dengan multifasa dan ada juga
yang namanya inverter multilevel (kapasitor split, diode clamped dan susunan
kaskade).</span> <span style="background: white;">Ada beberapa cara teknik
kendali yang digunakan agar inverter mampu menghasilkan sinyal sinusoidal, yang
paling sederhana adalah dengan cara mengatur keterlambatan sudut penyalaan
inverter di tiap lengannya. Cara yang paling umum digunakan adalah dengan
modulasi lebar pulsa atau pulse widt modulator (PWM). Sinyal kontrol pensaklaran
di dapat dengan cara membandingkan sinyal referensi (sinusoida) dengan sinyal
carrier (digunakan sinyal segitiga). Dengan cara ini frekuensi dan
tegangan fundamental mempunyai frekuensi yang sama dengan sinyal referensi
sinusoidal.</span></span><span style="line-height: 105%;"> Rangkaian
PWM ini yang akan mencacah listrik DC menjadi listrik AC dengan bentuk
gelombang mendekati sinus.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gambar 1. Skema dasar rangkaian inverter VFD atau VSD</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Listrik AC dengan
gelombang non sinus sebenarnya bisa digunakan sebagai catu daya untuk peralatan
listrik seperti lampu, pemanas dan peralatan lainnya. Tetapi sebagai catu daya
untuk motor listrik, gelombang AC non sinus akan mempengaruhi kualitas dayanya
yang berdampak pada timbulnya panas yang berlebuhan sehingga akan menyebabkan
motor listrik cepat panas dan rusak.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Jadi dengan menggunakan inverter akan
banyak diperoleh keuntungan secara teknis bila dibandingkan dengan cara lain.
Beberapa keuntungan tersebut antara lain adalah :</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Jangkauan pengaturan kecepatan dan torsi motor
yang lebih luas,</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Pola hubungan tegangan dan frekuensi yang
sinkron,</span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">·</span> <span style="line-height: 150%;">Mempunyai fasilitas penunjukan meter, sehingga
mempermudah proses monitoring atau pengecekan.</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Mempunyai lereng akselerasi dan deselerasi yang
dapat diatur secara independen dan kompak,</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Sistem proteksi motor yang lebih baik dan aman,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a><!--[if !supportLists]-->·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Mengurangi arus starting motor
dan menghemat pemakaian energi listrik,</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Memperhalus start awal motor.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Presisi kecepatan
dan torsi motor yang tinggi.</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Kontrol beban menjadi
dinamis untuk berbagai aplikasi motor.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dapat dikombinasi
dengan PLC</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> untuk
fungsi otomasi dan regulasi.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Hubungan manusia
dengan mesin (interface ) yang lebih baik.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dan lain-lain.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"> </span>Di
pasaran terdapat banyak produk Inverter (VFD atau VSD) diantaranya adalah <span style="line-height: 150%;">Toshiba</span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Altivar</span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Hitachi</span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">LG</span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Omron</span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Yaskawa</span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Siemen</span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Mitsubishi</span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Fuji</span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">ABB</span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Dan
lain-lain. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Pemilihan inverter yang benar tentunya dengan
memperhatikan spesifikasi dari motor serta keperluan dalam pemakaian inverter
itu sendiri, seperti dengan memperhatikan daya motor, tegangan motor, frekuensi
motor. Sebagai contoh sobat memiliki motor 3 phase 3 KW, maka sobat perlu
menggunakan inverter dengan spesifikasi daya diatas 3 kw seperti 3,2 KW atau
3,3 KW dan tentunya tegangan keluaran dari inverter harus sama dengan tegangan
motor. Sebenarnya sobat juga bisa menggunakan inverter dengan daya 3 KW untuk motor
3 KW tapi dengan syarat sobat menggunakan motor tersebut dengan beban yang
kecil atau dengan kata lain motor tidak digunakan dengan daya maksimal. Jadi
penting untuk mengetahui arus pada motor saat dijalankan dengan beban, untuk
settingan ampere pada inverter sebagai proteksi motor, serta untuk menghitung
daya beban yang berguna dalam pemilihan inverter. Pemilihan inverter dengan
mendekati daya motor akan lebih efisien daripada memilih inverter jauh diatas
dari daya motor.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gambar 2. Bentuk fisik inverter VFD atau VSD berbagai merk</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 105%; padding: 0in;"> Sebagai contoh, berikut ini disajikan
rangkaian kontrol motor induksi putar kanan dankiri (forward reverse) dengan
inverter secara sederhana dengan menggunakan inverter mitsubishi. Pada </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">gambar dapat dilihat bahwa pengaturan
frekuensi inverter dilakukan dengan mode eksternal menggunakan potensiometer.
pengaturan frekuensi juga bisa dilakukan tanpa potensio dengan mengganti
settingan inverter dengan mode internal. Pada gambar juga bisa dilihat
jika sinyal kontrol output SD dihubungkan dengan STF maka motor akan berjalan
maju/forward sedangkan jika dihubungkan ke STR maka motor akan berjalan
mundur/reverse. Pengaturan kontrol forward reverse ini diatur oleh relay CR1
dan CR2. Untuk pembahasan lebih detil dan contoh-contoh rangkaian lainnya dapat
dibaca di buku <b>“Pengendalian Motor Listrik Secara Elektronik”.</b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguUed17FNT4rNb3L1Saxla22OQBWvYHVQ9cWX4mkKIJHECke3HHuZqJ0AHM906q6l5L074fWgMVQxXIQEkhKsCHvknq3-EB7XErIuM3048-X08M5eWr2QOBH7wIGF93DnWC76E3zsqUvQ9/s1600/pemasangan+inverter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="500" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguUed17FNT4rNb3L1Saxla22OQBWvYHVQ9cWX4mkKIJHECke3HHuZqJ0AHM906q6l5L074fWgMVQxXIQEkhKsCHvknq3-EB7XErIuM3048-X08M5eWr2QOBH7wIGF93DnWC76E3zsqUvQ9/s640/pemasangan+inverter.jpg" width="553" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gambar 3. Rangkaian pemasangan inverter VFD atau VSD pada instalasi motor listrik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-24336095520096653422018-01-14T08:12:00.001+07:002018-01-14T08:56:46.197+07:00Membuat Trafo Step-Down Untuk Power Supply Perangkat Elektronik<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Perangkat elektronik
seperti audio amplifier, charger aki, UPS dan sebagainya membutuhkan tegangan
rendah sebelum disearahkan dengan rectifier agar menjadi tegangan rendah arus
searah (DC). Untuk mendapatkan tegangan rendah tersebut biasanya digunakan
trafo penurun tegangan atau biasa disebut trafo step-down. Di pasaran banyak
macam bentuk dari trafo step-down tersebut antara lain :</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Trafo bentuk kotak, biasanya menggunakan
inti (kern) EI, M dan UI<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Trafo bentuk donat, biasanya menggunakan
inti (kern) toroid.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
Untuk pembuatan trafo step-down bentuk kotak yang menggunakan inti (kern)
EI, M dan UI tidak akan penulis bahas pada pembahasan kali ini, karena telah
penulis bahas pada buku “Merancang dan Membuat Trafo Daya Kecil”. Dengan
demikian pada pembahasan kali ini penulis akan menjelaskan cara merancang dan
membuat trafo step-down bentuk donat yang menggunakan inti (kern) toroid. Oke
langsung saja kita mulai penjelasannya dan jangan lupa menyimak ya, agar sobat
bloger bisa dengan mudah dan cepat memahaminya !!!<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
Langkah-langkah untuk merancang dan membuat trafo step-down bentuk donat
antara lain dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Menentukan
Ukuran Inti (Kern) Trafo<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <span style="background: white;">Sesuai
namanya trafo toroid, bentuk inti (kern)-nya berupa susunan plat besi tipis
yang disusun secara melingkar menyerupai donat (memiliki lubang di tengahnya). </span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Perlu dipahami bahwa syarat inti (kern) haruslah
besi murni tanpa kandungan baja, agar tidak menimbulkan induksi magnet permanen
pada saat terinduksi oleh medan listrik. Dengan demikian induksi fluktuatif
dari medan listrik arus bolak-balik (AC) dapat ditransformasikan dengan baik. Untuk
itu dalam membuat inti (kern) pilihlah lembaran plat tipis yang harus dibakar terlebih
dahulu sampai memerah beberapa lama, lalu dibiarkan mendingin secara alami
tanpa disiram air atau bahan pendingin lainnya. Pembakaran ini dimaksudkan
untuk menghilangkan kadar baja yang terkandung dalam plat tipis tersebut.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span>Dalam menentukan ukuran inti (kern)
toroid ini kita harus menentukan terlebih dahulu kapasitas atau daya trafo
toroid yang akan kita buat. Sebagai contoh kita akan membuat trafo toroid
dengan daya 900 watt, tegangan primer 220 volt dan tegangan sekunder 2 x 45
volt (CT), maka luas penampang inti adalah : Afe = √900 = 30 cm².</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Dengan demikian dapat kita tentukan
tinggi inti toroid adalah √30 = 5,48 cm maka jari-jari penampang lingkaran
toroid adalah 30 / 5,48 = 5,47 cm atau tebal plat tipis yang kita gulung
melingkar adalah setebal 5,47 cm dengan jari-jari lubang toroid (R dalam)
sepanjang 5,48 + 5,47 = 10,95 cm, sehingga panjang jari-jari luar (R luar)
adalah jari-jari lubang (R dalam) + tebal gulungan plat tipis = 10,95 + 5,47 =
16,42 cm. Jika ditimbang berat inti (kern) untuk trafo daya 900 watt sekitar 8
– 15 Kg. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gambar 1. Inti (kern) trafo bentuk toroid</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Mempersiapkan
Inti (Kern) Trafo<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Lapisi inti (kern) trafo dengan
prespan yang terbuat dari kertas warna hijau/coklat atau mika warna putih susu, agar kawat email yang
akan kita gulung tidak mudah tergores oleh inti trafo yang dapat mengakibatkan
kumparan terhubung singkat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Menentukan
Ukuran Kawat Kumparan<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Seperti yang telah dijelaskan pada
rancangan trafo dengan inti (kern) berbentuk EI, M atau UI di buku “Merancang dan Membuat Trafo Daya
Kecil” berlaku juga pada rancangan trafo dengan inti berbentuk toroid bahwa
untuk menentukan diameter kawat kumparan primer dan sekunder, arus pada tiap
kumparan harus ditentukan dari besarnya daya trafo dibagi dengan tegangan
kumparan tersebut :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I1 = N1 / E1 dan I2 = N2 / E2</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">dimana : I1 = arus primer</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> N1 = lilitan primer</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> E1 = tegangan primer</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> I2 = arus sekunder</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> N2 = lilitan sekunder</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> E2 = tegangan sekunder</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Selanjutnya
nilai penampang kawat dapat dihitung dengan rumus sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Penampang
kawat kumparan primer : q1 = I1 / s<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Deameter
kawat kumparan primer : d1 = √ (4.q1) / π<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Penampang
kawat kumparan sekunder : q2 = I2 / s<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Deameter
kawat kumparan sekunder : d2 = √ (4.q2) / π<span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">dimana : q1 = penampang kawat lilitan primer</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> d1 = diameter kawat lilitan primer</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> q2 = penampang kawat lilitan sekunder</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> d2 = diameter kawat lilitan sekunder</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> s = kerapatan atau kepadatan arus (3 - 5 </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">A/mm²</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Dalam hal ini dapat dihitung bahwa arus
primer adalah : I1 = 900 / 220 = 4 A. Dengan demikian dengan menetapkan
kepadatan arus (s) sebesar 3 A/mm² maka besarnya penampang kawat kumparan
primer q1 = 4 / 3 = 1,33 mm², sehingga diameter kawat kumparan primer :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">d1
= √ (4 x 1,33) / 3,14<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> = √ 1,69<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> = 1,3 mm.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <span style="background: white;">Sedangkan
untuk arus sekunder adalah : I2 = 900 / 45 = 20 A. Dengan demikian dengan
menetapkan kepadatan arus (s) sebesar 3 A/mm² maka besarnya penampang kawat
kumparan sekunder q2 = 20 / 3 = 6,66 mm², sehingga diameter kawat kumparan
sekunder :<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">d2 = </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">√ (4 x 6,66) / 3,14<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> = √ 8,48<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> = 2,9 mm.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Menghitung
Jumlah Lilitan Trafo<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Untuk menenetukan jumlah liltan
primen dan lilitan sekunder trafo bisa menghitung terlebih dahulu gulungan per
volt (GPV)-nya, bisa juga langsung menghitung jumlah lilitan/gulungan primer
(N1) dan gulungan sekunder (N2) sesuai dengan besarnya tegangan primer (E1) dan
tegangan sekunder (E2) yang diinginkan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Rumus untuk menentukan jumlah lilitan
primer : N1 = E1 / (4,44 x Afe x Bm x f) dan jumlah lilitan sekunder N2 = E2 / (4,44 x Afe x Bm x f)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Dimana : Afe = luas penampang inti (kern)
besi</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Bm = flux density <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> f = frekwensi jaringan listrik <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">dengan
mengambil f = 50 Hz dan Bm = 10<sup>-4</sup> wb/cm², maka rumus tersebut
menjadi : N1 = 4,5 x (E1 / Afe). Kalau diambil faktor 110% atau 1,1 untuk
memperhitungkan kerugian tegangan trafo dalam kondisi berbeban maka rumus
teserbut di atas menjadi : N1 = 1,1 x 4,5 x (E1 / Afe) atau 49,5 x (E1 / Afe) dan N2 = 49,5 x (E2 / Afe). Sehingga
dalam raancangan trafo toroid ini dapat dihitung :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">N1 = 49,5 x (220 / 30)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> = 49,5 x 7,3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> = 361 lilit<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">N2 = 49,5 x (Vs / Afe)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> = 49,5 x ( 45 / 30)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> = 49,5 x 1,5<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> = 74 lilit (untuk CT = 2 x 74 lilit)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Menggulung/Melilit
Kawat Pada Inti (Kern)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <span style="background: white;">Pada
tahap ini yang pertama dikerjakan adalah menggulung kawat email pada sebilah
bambu sepanjang 25 - 50 cm dengan tujuan agar mempermudah memasukkan dan
mengeluarkan kawat email melewati lubang lingkaran inti kern saat proses
melilit. Berikutnya tinggal melilitkan kawat email pada lingkaran inti kern
yang telah terbalut kertas isolator (prespan). Tentunya dengan memakai azas
jari tangan kanan, yaitu sebagaimana tangan kanan memegang inti kern, arah
ujung keempat jari adalah arah melingkarnya kawat dan ibu jari menunjukkan
letak lilitan selanjutnya. </span>Usahakan penggulungan kawat pada inti kern
trafo harus rapat dan rapi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gambar 2. Proses menggulung kawat pada inti toroid dengan sebilah bambu</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Mengetes
Trafo Dengan Multitester<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Lakukan pengukuran dengan multitester
pada posisi Ohm x1 atau x10 untuk mengetahui hubungan antar kawat pada kumparan
primer, antar kawat pada kumparan sekunder atau antara kawat pada kumparan
primer dan sekunder. Jika semua pengetesan dengan multimeter tersebut diatas
bagus lanjutkan pengukuran tegangan output pada kumparan sekunder dengan
memberi tegangan input sebesar 220 V pada kumparan primer dengan menggunakan
multitester pada posisi Volt AC x250.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Memasang
Terminal Kabel<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Lakukan pemasangan kabel dan terminal
pada ujung-ujung trafo baik pada ujung-ujung kumparan primer maupun sekunder.
Setelah itu lanjutkan dengan mencelup kumparana pada minyak trafo atau sirlak
dan melapisi trafo dengan kain pita atau kertas prespan atau mika untuk perlindungan
kawat agar padat dan tidak mudah tergores<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Mencelup
Kumparan Dengan Minyak Trafo (Sirlak)</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Mencelupkan kumparan hasil gulungan
dengan minyak trafo atau sirlak <span style="background: white;">bertujuan agar lilitan kawat lebih padat dan statis, tidak mudah bergerak atau berubah letaknya dan tidak mudah tergores atau lecet. Kemudian lanjutkan dengan membalut semua
lilitan dengan kain pita atau kertas prespan atau mika. Dengan demikian jadilah sudah trafo toroid
kapasitas 900 Watt atau 20 Amper yang telah kita buat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Menguji
Coba Trafo<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Pada proses uji coba bahwa trafo yang
berkwalitas tidak akan bergetar dan panas pada saat diberi beban. <span style="background: white;">Pada proses ini harus dilakukan uji coba trafo dengan
memberi tegangan input sebesar 220 V pada kumparan primer dan ukur tegangan
output pada kumparan sekunder apakah dihasilkan tegangan output sebesar 45 V dengan
stabil pada kanan dan kiri (CT). Jika stabil lanjutkan dengan memasang beban
sesuai kapasitasnya (maksimal 900 W) untuk bebarapa saat (sekitar 1 jam),
apakah tegangan output pada kumparan sekunder tetap stabil pada angka 45 V pada
kanan dan kiri (CT). Jika tegangan output stabil dan fisik trafo tidak bergetar
dan tidak panas meskipun diberi beban maksimal untuk beberapa lama, maka
berarti trafo tersebut dinyatakan cukup berkwalitas dan layak untuk digunakan.</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHeRVd_IXVu3nYEXI3JoWBDx7qIXZtdVJQT5g_zkRCjsccGI_BMLaDiUnlyST1YAt8UiAWDobxniwfRjOwTXDOOSRZfdwIC39bdlvYTlj36QOv1564ckHteBYGvG7fS39zo0Cl54cc5IBa/s1600/Trafo+toroid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="564" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHeRVd_IXVu3nYEXI3JoWBDx7qIXZtdVJQT5g_zkRCjsccGI_BMLaDiUnlyST1YAt8UiAWDobxniwfRjOwTXDOOSRZfdwIC39bdlvYTlj36QOv1564ckHteBYGvG7fS39zo0Cl54cc5IBa/s400/Trafo+toroid.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gambar 3. Trafo step-down bentuk toroid yang sudah jadi</span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com18tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-65430714914447336892017-12-01T21:55:00.002+07:002017-12-03T09:18:13.948+07:00Membuat Panel Pengalih Daya 1 Fasa Secara Manual dan Automatic<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sebelumnya telah
dibahas panel pengalih daya secara otomatis atau yang biasa disebut Automatic
Transfer Switch (ATS). Pada kesempatan kali ini penulis akan membahas tentang
panel pengalih daya dari sumber listrik utama (PLN) ke sumber listrik cadangan
(Genset) atau sebaliknya secara manual dan otomatis, yakni dilengkapi dengan
selector switch. Sehingga dapat digunakan untuk memilih pengoperasian secara
manual ataupun secara otomatis pada saat sumber listrik utama dari </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">PLN mengalami pemadaman,</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"> Panel pengalih daya sederhana ini
diperuntukan bagi rumah atau gedung perkantoran yang menggunakan sumber listrik
1 fasa, tetapi tidak menutup kemungkinan untuk digunakan pada sumber listrik 3
fasa yang tentunya dengan merubah pengawatannya. Panel pengalih daya 1 fasa ini
terdiri dari beberapa komponen antara lain yaitu :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- MCB 1 fasa sebanyak 2 buah</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Selector switch 3 posisi (Man – O –
Auto) sebanyak 1 buah</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Push button On atau Start sebanyak 1 buah</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Push button Off atau Stop sebanyak 1 buah</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Tmer (TDR) sebanyak 1 buah</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Relay AC sebanyak 1 buah</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Kontaktor magnet sebanyak 2 buah</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Lampu indikator sebanyak 2 buah</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Untuk lebih jelasnya sobat blogger bisa
melihat skema diagram berikut dibawah ini.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy15bj8etMNd5qv247Xe1Hm6dLqmYyYv9YOx1ohOuQbsE-HfD7wFQyyJqZ3HhhWPMVeBsBWr-zdqLL2rIvq5S5_8fxUcCF5G16uX3rR_OR5HcRdIroJpJt3UU68K7x1IMK66bg9zxkIzmI/s1600/ATS-man-auto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1156" data-original-width="1038" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy15bj8etMNd5qv247Xe1Hm6dLqmYyYv9YOx1ohOuQbsE-HfD7wFQyyJqZ3HhhWPMVeBsBWr-zdqLL2rIvq5S5_8fxUcCF5G16uX3rR_OR5HcRdIroJpJt3UU68K7x1IMK66bg9zxkIzmI/s640/ATS-man-auto.jpg" width="574" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 1. Diagram kontrol panel
pengalih daya 1 fasa</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDYGbpqyD3AAT-9xWagMf5Umc7B3GPX0jT5y3RxwzCNeZQX9YNPe_JPxhIFQrvODraTCdBl7jNP9W6R2mYTpZP-x-M8wTezsMTUPgwNhtMf52al8jwXDw5f1hchFKIQGjXMh5AirA-M5QY/s1600/rangkaian-daya-panel-ats.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="382" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDYGbpqyD3AAT-9xWagMf5Umc7B3GPX0jT5y3RxwzCNeZQX9YNPe_JPxhIFQrvODraTCdBl7jNP9W6R2mYTpZP-x-M8wTezsMTUPgwNhtMf52al8jwXDw5f1hchFKIQGjXMh5AirA-M5QY/s400/rangkaian-daya-panel-ats.jpg" width="346" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 2. Diagram daya panel pengalih daya 1 fasa<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigojtxQ_vPShi9SspWouazc2M2FMsoizGa7x-7KdqAV3YpLoFLJzyi8358BBxsXBwtSKyXNL8sGdscBZqLjzthv6gR0jkWPthugSNk1vrZlBv7z2SdlXQX9XKDcKBP54VpUwIfj2_gEJ2b/s1600/Panel-ATS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="480" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigojtxQ_vPShi9SspWouazc2M2FMsoizGa7x-7KdqAV3YpLoFLJzyi8358BBxsXBwtSKyXNL8sGdscBZqLjzthv6gR0jkWPthugSNk1vrZlBv7z2SdlXQX9XKDcKBP54VpUwIfj2_gEJ2b/s640/Panel-ATS.jpg" width="480" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 3. Komponen-komponen panel
pengalih daya 1 fasa yang telah dirakit<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Cara Kerja Rangkaian
Panel Pengalih Daya :<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Posisi Manual :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Saat selector
switch pada posisi manual dengan kondisi suplai PLN, jika tombol on ditekan
maka yang bekerja adalah kontaktor PLN (K1), karena arus listrik mengalir ke
koil K1 melalui MCB PLN (MCB 1), selector switch (posisi manual), tombol stop,
tombol on dan kontak NC K2, yang selanjutnya dikunci oleh kontak NO K1. Jika
terjadi pemadaman dari PLN maka rangkaian menjadi tidak aktif atau kembali pada
kondisi semula sehingga sumber listrik genset dapat dilairkan ke koil K2
melalui MCB genset (MCB 2), kontak NC K1 dan kontak NC relay, dengan demikian
kontaktor genset (K2) akan bekerja. Jika sumber PLN hidup kembali maka kita
harus kembali menekan tombol on untuk mengoperasikan kontaktor PLN (K1) agar
dapat bekerja kembali yang tentunya kontaktor genset (K2) harus dalam kondisi
tidak bekerja. Kita dapat juga memutuskan aliran PLN walupun sumber PLN tidak
padam yaitu dengan menekan tombol stop. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Posisi
Automatic :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">
Saat selector switch pada posisi automatic dengan kondisi suplai PLN
maka yang bekerja adalah kontaktor PLN (K1), karena arus listrik mengalir ke
koil K1 melalui MCB PLN (MCB1). Jika terjadi pemadaman dari PLN maka secara
otomatis rangkaian menjadi tidak aktif atau kembali pada kondisi semula dan
rangkaian tersebut siap menunggu apakah sumber listrik PLN akan menyala kembali
atau sumber listrik genset yang akan masuk. Jika yang masuk adalah sumber
listrik genset maka rangkaian akan mensuplai beban secara otomatis melalui MCB
genset (MCB2), kontak normally close (NC) K1, NC relay dan ke koil kontaktor
genset (K2) untuk mengaktifkan kontak-kontak K2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Selanjutnya jika sumber listrik PLN kembali meyala maka secara otomatis
rangkaian akan memutuskan sumber listrik genset (meskipun saat itu masih
disuplai sumber listrik genset) yaitu dengan membukanya kontak NC relay. Pada
saat yang sama kontak normally open (NO) time delay relay (TDR) akan menunggu
untuk terhubung (berdasarkan setting waktu TDR) sampai genset telah kita
matikan, sehingga akan mengalirkan arus listrik ke koil K1 untuk mengaktifkan
kontak-kontak K1 kembali. Dengan masuknya sumber listrik PLN maka koil TDR,
Relay dan K2 dalam keadaan tidak aktif, sehingga rangkaian tersebut akan lebih
aman.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-35358625954091258162017-11-11T20:51:00.000+07:002017-11-11T20:51:02.980+07:00Merancang Sistem Kontrol AMF<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%;">AMF atau kepanjangan dari Automatic
Main Failure<i> </i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">merupakan
suatu sistem <i>emergency </i>sumber daya/tenaga listrik yang digunakan untuk
menjamin kelangsungan operasional bangunan/gedung atau peralatan industri saat
kehilangan sumber daya utama (PLN) yang bisa jadi akan menimbulkan kerugian
bisnis maupun kenyamanan. AMF biasanya terdiri dari kontrol AMF dan <i>Automatic
Transfer Switch </i>(ATS). Piranti kontrol AMF tersebut berupa rangkaian relay
dan <i>time delay relay </i>(TDR) atau <i>Timer</i>.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
Kontrol AMF merupakan unit yang mengendalikan secara otomatis untuk mengatasi
gangguan saluran utama sistem penyedia energi listrik (PLN) dan pembangkit
listrik cadangan (Generator Set). Pada sistem kontrol AMF ini menggunakan
komponen antara lain :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">MCB I Fasa,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Fuse (Sekering),</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Sumber DC 12 V,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Selector Switch 3 Posisi
(Manual-Off-Auto),</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Bell Buzzer,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Push Button (On dan Stop),</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Relay OMRON AC 220 V MK3P-1,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Relay Omron DC 12 V MKP-1,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">TDR/Timer Omron DC 12 V H3CR-A8 50 Hz.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Desain
atau perancangan sistem kontrol AMF berbasis rangkaian relay ini dapat dilihat pada
gambar dibawah ini.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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*)klik gambar untuk melihat tampilan gambar yang lebih besar</div>
<br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-677356326877388102017-10-05T19:14:00.001+07:002017-10-06T10:49:18.574+07:00Penggalian Lubang Biodigester Reaktor Biogas<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Penentuan galian lubang untuk reaktor biogas perlu dilakukan
dengan teliti agar pembangunan reaktor biogas tersebut tidak mengakibatkan galian ataupun
timbunan yang terlalu banyak/berlebihan. Untuk itu sebelum melakukan penggalian perlu
diperhatikan kondisi permukaan tanah di lokasi/lapangan, apakah permukaan tanah di
lokasi yang akan dibangun reaktor biogas mempunyai permukaan yang datar atau konturnya
sedemikian rupa sehingga permukaan tanah mempunyai kemiringan tertentu serta
permukaannya bergelombang. Langkah-langkah penggalian lubang untuk pembangunan
reaktor biogas dengan ukuran 6</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">m3 dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut :</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Bersihkan
permukaan tanah di lokasi reaktor, <i>outlet</i>, dan <i>inlet yang telah </i>ditentukan</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">,</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">2.</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Tarik
garis lurus yang menghubungkan <i>inlet</i>, reaktor, dan <i>outlet </i>(biasanya
disebut sebagai garis pertengahan atau garis sumbu/as)</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">,</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">3.</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Tentukan
tinggi lokasi</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">, s</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">ebaiknya
ketinggian lokasi disesuaikan dengan ketinggian tanah dimana bagian atas kubah
(bagian luar) harus tepat muncul di tingkatan ini.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 1. Elevasi puncak kubah
terhadap taraf muka tanah</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">4.</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Selanjutnya
gambarkan <i>lay out </i>reaktor biogas tersebut di atas tanah dengan langkah-langkah
sebagai berikut :</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Tentukan
titik pusat <i>digester </i>dan siapkan tali untuk menjadi ukuran jari-jari <i>digester</i>.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Gambarkan
lingkaran dengan jari-jari R1 = 1,60 m</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> ini merupakan
jari-jari lantai pondasi.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Ambil
jarak pada garis as dari pusat lingkaran sebesar R2 = 1,31 m</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> ini merupakan jari-jari dinding <i>digester </i>tanpa
plesteran.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Ambil
jarak sepanjang 20 cm dari ujung R2, garis ini merupakan lebar balok pendukung
kubah pada lubang <i>manhole</i>.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Kemudian
ambil jarak 75 cm dari balok tersebut. Garis ini merupakan panjang lubang <i>manhole
</i>ditambah tebal pasangan dinding <i>manhole</i>. Tebal pasangan diambil 15
cm.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">f.</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Gambarkan
garis sepanjang 90 cm tegak lurus garis as. Garis ini merupakan lebar <i>manhole
</i>ditambah 2 kali lebar pasangan dinding <i>manhole</i>.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Kemudian
gambarkan garis dari ujung balok sepanjang 175 cm. Garis ini merupakan panjang <i>outlet
</i>ditambah tebal pasangan dinding <i>outlet</i>.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">h.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Gambarkan
garis sepanjang 160 cm tegak lurus garis as. Garis ini merupakan lebar <i>outlet
</i>ditambah 2 kali lebar pasangan dinding <i>manhole</i>.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;"><br /></span></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 2. Dimensi reaktor biogas
ukuran 6</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">m3.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Gunakan kapur atau semen berwarna untuk menandai radius
lingkar luar lantai pondasi dan untuk rencana lokasi <i>manhole </i>dan <i>outlet</i>.
Sehingga didapat gambar <i>lay out </i>seperti gambar berikut ini.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir-0SqDjIInWGGw2uco9Lv_CyEmVT5ys4MqfJ0x-fhsV9EZPWCPWmL5R50tfoPgdgSHh6crRk0OOf_gqsZLiwmpQuI7y1UKtX5bkS6fit_mA2NAODoNGYPzxl_1ynGAe7s-UfdoiQsq0Si/s1600/gambar+10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir-0SqDjIInWGGw2uco9Lv_CyEmVT5ys4MqfJ0x-fhsV9EZPWCPWmL5R50tfoPgdgSHh6crRk0OOf_gqsZLiwmpQuI7y1UKtX5bkS6fit_mA2NAODoNGYPzxl_1ynGAe7s-UfdoiQsq0Si/s1600/gambar+10.jpg" /></a></div>
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</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 3. Lay out reaktor biogas yang
harus digali</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Apabila
gambar <i>lay out </i>telah dibuat, maka selanjutnya adalah melakukan
penggalian lubang. Kedalaman lubang reaktor yang ideal adalah seperti
ditunjukkan pada gambar berikut</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;"><br /></span></span>
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</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 4. Elevasi tanah dasar
setiap bagian reaktor biogas</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Penggalian
dilakukan per dimensi yang ditetapkan di <i>lay out</i>.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Jika
ada air yang keluar harus disedot dan dikeringkan.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">8.</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Selalu
pastikan tanah yang telah digali, tidak dibuang. Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk
dijadikan cetakan kubah (<i>dome</i>) dan simpan setidaknya 2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">m3.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Berhati-hatilah
untuk menghindari kecelakaan pada saat menggali di dekat sisi-sisi lubang
dimana tanah bisa saja runtuh.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Pancang
tiang vertikal (pipa besi) ditengah tengah sebagai panduan konstruksi dinding <i>digester</i>.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Berikut ini adalah gambar-gambar yang menunjukkan praktek
pembuatan gambar <i>Lay out </i>untuk </span><span style="color: windowtext;">m</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">embuat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">reaktor </span><span style="color: windowtext;">biogas :</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 5. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%; text-align: justify;">Menarik garis sumbu (as) reaktor biogas</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1_Jdk7ZvaKLItJ928wSoc3xwVRfwkTSsmFc2hTsqr9djqVejO5zLKNxoEWJ_SQwMeNyXQ-Mlh8vpWMQ-rjF0vaMUFOkIWlqjQF_qOkKdiBoScoR6kSZ5-wQkzykBPaunCvEEtnpQzFkWo/s1600/gambar+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1_Jdk7ZvaKLItJ928wSoc3xwVRfwkTSsmFc2hTsqr9djqVejO5zLKNxoEWJ_SQwMeNyXQ-Mlh8vpWMQ-rjF0vaMUFOkIWlqjQF_qOkKdiBoScoR6kSZ5-wQkzykBPaunCvEEtnpQzFkWo/s1600/gambar+7.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 6. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%; text-align: justify;">Menentukan titik sumbu (as) tangki pencerna</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrKvvfFPucfzI2tlvBOA6D2OMlvBGlcHWDyAUoPexrPcFp4Iyd7edLp4OfQb1f-RHmywGvmX3vsAisOYj-q9Hr8YvEgBe1syqqBML49-ownr9rM51-fayZgxGZ03srLIeH9RtRQ4XkM7cF/s1600/gambar+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="369" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrKvvfFPucfzI2tlvBOA6D2OMlvBGlcHWDyAUoPexrPcFp4Iyd7edLp4OfQb1f-RHmywGvmX3vsAisOYj-q9Hr8YvEgBe1syqqBML49-ownr9rM51-fayZgxGZ03srLIeH9RtRQ4XkM7cF/s1600/gambar+6.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 7. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%; text-align: justify;">Mengukur diameter tangki pencerna</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiai6h30y786sQ3aw1MoATY2z6BN5W1dOhdZyqEc1QKp6cJEQsaKtk0JWEOFi_gk6ldP5RPyOMlIz4vpeGXuZz9Yaf_AmAS9qyBttJ9h9fjJhIwvqSfQVxW7hltCXpH9wcOcs7gpidDGiMK/s1600/gambar+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="369" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiai6h30y786sQ3aw1MoATY2z6BN5W1dOhdZyqEc1QKp6cJEQsaKtk0JWEOFi_gk6ldP5RPyOMlIz4vpeGXuZz9Yaf_AmAS9qyBttJ9h9fjJhIwvqSfQVxW7hltCXpH9wcOcs7gpidDGiMK/s1600/gambar+5.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 8. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%; text-align: justify;">Membuat garis luar diameter tangki pencerna</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZMeQ4GI0iuEaTZTs5E8W_sfdR4xpHaq8vDVa1sJ13DDUL__iXFEAGdZwgKPb3sobJaUTwLc4DV7_x4bIaZimQ3MRAjOgU98w1PejE5ZTaviwwPlWVi_rWFo8KWTAmUPmP0gZbTLsS9K0N/s1600/gambar+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZMeQ4GI0iuEaTZTs5E8W_sfdR4xpHaq8vDVa1sJ13DDUL__iXFEAGdZwgKPb3sobJaUTwLc4DV7_x4bIaZimQ3MRAjOgU98w1PejE5ZTaviwwPlWVi_rWFo8KWTAmUPmP0gZbTLsS9K0N/s1600/gambar+4.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 9. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%; text-align: justify;">Mengukur dimensi manhole</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxsy9lQmCgU4hXVOWwCL8TLlgi53tBV8FDXExdsnIBLRw73gRRti3du4K7flL8FWcT1zVTi2woEK91Kc9HkzvBpUMD-zvudCs12YEXnCjmTaEAx_Z7U7Y2etIU7j5wvGYfCtk2holJ1gS5/s1600/gambar+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxsy9lQmCgU4hXVOWwCL8TLlgi53tBV8FDXExdsnIBLRw73gRRti3du4K7flL8FWcT1zVTi2woEK91Kc9HkzvBpUMD-zvudCs12YEXnCjmTaEAx_Z7U7Y2etIU7j5wvGYfCtk2holJ1gS5/s1600/gambar+3.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 10. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%; text-align: justify;">Membuat garis tepi manhole</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg21ExxgvK6ZtYYCeCS87aghH5Y4M15dh0HgBb7IvH1-ThugzhNO4gFgGIV692i9wCWBFadYX85Gh0smFRyhDCuX5rLiCXANsOcj9JoPlfbllwg1oKPN1hatuN0ViBUCifmJcNoXPZQnjkJ/s1600/gambar+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg21ExxgvK6ZtYYCeCS87aghH5Y4M15dh0HgBb7IvH1-ThugzhNO4gFgGIV692i9wCWBFadYX85Gh0smFRyhDCuX5rLiCXANsOcj9JoPlfbllwg1oKPN1hatuN0ViBUCifmJcNoXPZQnjkJ/s1600/gambar+2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 11. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%; text-align: justify;">Mengukur dan menandai outlet</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg49Eqz71WyjA-8uTV3E1JZIB1G-7gglP59P65-NEfiiBRP1iPUrfpcB1F88isyfBONzVZRGuqJQglL74T5BBTg3U8Rg-1Au1SyuaaZLfh4wQBuQVshW9R3mrKOVhQFsK3rJbghQvPXBfBi/s1600/gambar+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg49Eqz71WyjA-8uTV3E1JZIB1G-7gglP59P65-NEfiiBRP1iPUrfpcB1F88isyfBONzVZRGuqJQglL74T5BBTg3U8Rg-1Au1SyuaaZLfh4wQBuQVshW9R3mrKOVhQFsK3rJbghQvPXBfBi/s1600/gambar+1.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 12. Gambar lay out galian
reaktor biogas</span></div>
</div>
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<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Keterangan : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Gambar kotak
persegi di sebelah <i>inlet </i>merupakan rencana letak toilet (jamban)
keluarga</span><span style="color: windowtext;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-82171379072846984162017-09-25T15:41:00.000+07:002017-09-25T15:41:18.736+07:00Finishing Kubah Reaktor Biogas<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%;">Kubah </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%;">reaktor biogas </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%;">yang telah dicor
masih memungkinkan adanya lubang-lubang atau pori-pori kecil yang dapat
mengakibatkan keluarnya gas.Oleh karena itu kubah bagian dalam perlu dilakukan <i>finishing
</i>dengan memberi lapisan-lapisan tambahan. <i>Finishing </i>dapat dilakukan
setelah cetakan kubah (tanah) digali keluar dari <i>digester</i>, tanah boleh
dikeluarkan setelah </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%;">k</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%;">ubah (<i>dome</i>) telah mempunyai kekuatan dan kubah
dianggap telah mempunyai kekuatan setelah berumur 3 hari. </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur
<i>finishing </i>kubah </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%;">reaktor biogas tersebut </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%;">adalah sebagai
berikut :</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Setelah tanah benar-benar terangkut dari dalam <i>digester</i>,
bersihkan bagian dalam kubah dengan cara menggaruk dengan sikat dan
menggosoknya.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Selama proses <i>finishing </i>tidak diperbolehkan ada orang
yang lalu lalang di atas kubah, karena lapisan penutup belum kering</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">, dikhawatirkan </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">dengan adanya getaran akan membuatnya terlepas.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Selanjutnya lapisi bagian dalam kubah yang telah bersih tadi
dengan 6 (enam) lapisan sebagai berikut :</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lapisan 1</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">: </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">T</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">erdiri dari semen dan air dengan campuran 1</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">:</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">5,
kemudian disapukan dengan kuas ke permukaan dalam kubah.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">b.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lapisan 2</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">: </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">T</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">erdiri dari 10 mm plesteran dengan adukan semen dan pasir
dengan perbandingan 1</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">:</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">3, pemlesteran dilakukan dengan menggunakan cetok</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">/sendok</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> semen dan roskam.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lapisan 3</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">: </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">T</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">erdiri dari semen dicampur air dengan perbandingan 1</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">:</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">5,
kemudian disapukan di dalam kubah.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lapisan 4</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">: </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">D</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">engan ketebalan 3</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> mm s/d</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 5 mm, terdiri
dari semen dan pasir dengan campuran 1</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">:</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Alat yang digunakan adalah sendok semen dan roskam.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lapisan 5</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">: </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">P</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">lesteran dengan campuran semen dan cat acrylic emulsion paint
mix dengan perbandingan 10</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">:</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">K</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">etebalannya 3 </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">mm </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">/d</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 5 mm diplester tipis dengan menggunakan roskam dan sendok
semen.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lapisan 6</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">: </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">P</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">ermukaan dicat dengan menggunakan campuran dari semen-acrylic
emulsion paint dengan perbandingan 2</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">:</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Alat yang digunakan adalah kuas dengan lebar 10 cm.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Finishing dilakukan hingga tangki pencerna dengan jarak </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">kurang lebih</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 10 cm di bawah pertemuan antara kubah dan tangki pencerna (<i>digester</i>).</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzzRuQ1ODud0PGKLRpCDDHB9_QcPmFwC7-AQTSpUons333tHeWzTR5apMk3pCfmstnXVH-umdpBEnAlNLw9VVCxDKRWlHXsjzhAg5DRclcUbfSb18ChoNT61NScWeUGvHZWsadjN5M0SpG/s1600/gambar+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzzRuQ1ODud0PGKLRpCDDHB9_QcPmFwC7-AQTSpUons333tHeWzTR5apMk3pCfmstnXVH-umdpBEnAlNLw9VVCxDKRWlHXsjzhAg5DRclcUbfSb18ChoNT61NScWeUGvHZWsadjN5M0SpG/s1600/gambar+1.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 1. Finishing lapaisan ke 1 kubah reaktor biogas</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Gunakan cat yang mengandung acrylic.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW6_zoEPKso1OkeS7WwYA03eMieoaWm0WvMuw0Jod54He3rowVSlwtV5KyK0UhJQFzYrmxVVEv5cSVAd5nLYxjr4U25nCJg_UUftsvGpwZqZVFm7xwsSI8HAG7T8PMdenaptQvInqdwaBx/s1600/gambar+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW6_zoEPKso1OkeS7WwYA03eMieoaWm0WvMuw0Jod54He3rowVSlwtV5KyK0UhJQFzYrmxVVEv5cSVAd5nLYxjr4U25nCJg_UUftsvGpwZqZVFm7xwsSI8HAG7T8PMdenaptQvInqdwaBx/s1600/gambar+2.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 2. Cat acrylic emulsion</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Gunakan sendok spesi dan roskam untuk melakukan pemlesteran kubah
reaktor biogas.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGS3D3luI-Rx2NPvznM0ytLz7LjDaPSFdqjRSyTkELGI_BwH6NpLwi2eiJY8fL2yA9yrlyHdhfZXK_falslLVQ7pJLleV5if34JeJjOVDaWNy_98yy5fmgTHgCpoKEJPrQkXwYbjQbZWLn/s1600/gambar+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGS3D3luI-Rx2NPvznM0ytLz7LjDaPSFdqjRSyTkELGI_BwH6NpLwi2eiJY8fL2yA9yrlyHdhfZXK_falslLVQ7pJLleV5if34JeJjOVDaWNy_98yy5fmgTHgCpoKEJPrQkXwYbjQbZWLn/s1600/gambar+3.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 3. Menggunakan sendok spesi dan roskam untuk plesteran</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Aduk cat acrylic terlebih dahulu sebelum dicampur dengan adonan
semen.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKDc0QmAfiQa6PQIYA_ZSuwJqGdcMl-psoneJFcFZRbtY9CpB7ZjDhjfKWbBgXgB8wVIW7GtDdMsUAylbRuBKvgO_uX94h_60sBBQRE_h_tI1X-z0-8a27IGwoEurWyfmNfl8iwiRGgQLd/s1600/gambar+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="429" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKDc0QmAfiQa6PQIYA_ZSuwJqGdcMl-psoneJFcFZRbtY9CpB7ZjDhjfKWbBgXgB8wVIW7GtDdMsUAylbRuBKvgO_uX94h_60sBBQRE_h_tI1X-z0-8a27IGwoEurWyfmNfl8iwiRGgQLd/s1600/gambar+4.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 4. Mengaduk cat acrylic terlebih dahulu</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOmaaRTiV7MHA7engvA1fcTedQ-X9qfOD967AdJ6lkA7RRt2qva7dYilNt2c6jQKskGu_yYgbtqsvuQQ6efKBmGCzS6tK26vcFOL0AfQUAawFFqLDg0-HD7cviB6yHfAEaDaiWZxzhxhL3/s1600/gambar+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOmaaRTiV7MHA7engvA1fcTedQ-X9qfOD967AdJ6lkA7RRt2qva7dYilNt2c6jQKskGu_yYgbtqsvuQQ6efKBmGCzS6tK26vcFOL0AfQUAawFFqLDg0-HD7cviB6yHfAEaDaiWZxzhxhL3/s1600/gambar+5.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 5. Mencampur semen dengan cat acrylic</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Gunakan sendok spesi untuk finishing lapisan ke 5 dan gunakan
kuas untuk finishing lapisan ke 6.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1p2rQzF5VpjWQ7uBue1ig3jXRW2Q7CNnQx0BiTHB6Mhcw4du6FgrYSz7xTERRzBQ9B7t_H4pAKQFU1Ld9AFVwpZbM1AObfhPpfzbQd2ird_vN86UErDFtJvcechYhjl_N8XpEcIPnhpJT/s1600/gambar+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1p2rQzF5VpjWQ7uBue1ig3jXRW2Q7CNnQx0BiTHB6Mhcw4du6FgrYSz7xTERRzBQ9B7t_H4pAKQFU1Ld9AFVwpZbM1AObfhPpfzbQd2ird_vN86UErDFtJvcechYhjl_N8XpEcIPnhpJT/s1600/gambar+6.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 6. Finishing lapisan ke 5 kubah reaktor biogas dengan sendok spesi</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWkvYye8zqSeBw5pkjI0HzQahaTKDosql6gSf1maCWhiTqTlOucUQ0fPYL468ghoPUBbXsBrhgDOsRBuXA5ySXkPxdZhD_aQOkoyDIlLSDng_ZDz9e2YcMkiQrwbYuA1tpnwTQ9B5tVcEE/s1600/gambar+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWkvYye8zqSeBw5pkjI0HzQahaTKDosql6gSf1maCWhiTqTlOucUQ0fPYL468ghoPUBbXsBrhgDOsRBuXA5ySXkPxdZhD_aQOkoyDIlLSDng_ZDz9e2YcMkiQrwbYuA1tpnwTQ9B5tVcEE/s1600/gambar+7.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 7. Finishing lapisan ke 6 kubah reaktor biogas dengan kuas</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lakukan finishing lubang untuk pipa gas utama pada kubah reaktor
biogas agar pas dan rapi.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxo5lW_AgaEGQP9sJL-vIN41LHkwOMGXaVO2Qnja0qJ87RAtbZ9Xce-QbfwQXscXICxsI82xlMeA1euQtid59DiqaFDo_ypHqUL700Cnn7ZvHuYvwcMdLStlnm4rhQB6qzNcpimvUk62yw/s1600/gambar+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="376" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxo5lW_AgaEGQP9sJL-vIN41LHkwOMGXaVO2Qnja0qJ87RAtbZ9Xce-QbfwQXscXICxsI82xlMeA1euQtid59DiqaFDo_ypHqUL700Cnn7ZvHuYvwcMdLStlnm4rhQB6qzNcpimvUk62yw/s1600/gambar+8.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 8. Finishing lubang pipa gas utama pada kubah reaktor biogas</span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-44935086740694240322017-09-14T22:18:00.000+07:002017-09-14T22:18:07.099+07:00Instalasi Manometer dan Kompor Biogas <div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Pekerjaan pemasangan instalasi Manometer dan Kompor Biogas
dilakukan setelah pekerjaan instalasi pipa selesai dilakukan. Manometer
berfungsi untuk mengetahui besarnya tekanan gas pada reaktor.Dengan demikian
pengguna dapat langsung menggunakan gas berdasarkan ketersediaan yang
ada.Sistem ini merupakan salah satu kelebihan dari sistem reaktor dengan
menggunakan plastik atau </span><i style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">fibre</i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">. Manometer yang akan digunakan dapat
dibuat sendiri (tidak perlu buatan pabrik). Manometer dihubungkan dengan
instalasi pipa dengan menggunakan </span><i style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">nipple </i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">yang sesuai standar.</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglV_jY1tuOEOc_fU1h78bptPbclCzN-PcljFu38NWTB4e98qN68i_3dEjiIfAjzfLjpUQuhJfzpDaTFrvvUYcuLj8l75NhvE2li5gZdYbGJt4SkAu5ucOHYeKtqhu94XkmFo7hapVBbev2/s1600/Gambar+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="234" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglV_jY1tuOEOc_fU1h78bptPbclCzN-PcljFu38NWTB4e98qN68i_3dEjiIfAjzfLjpUQuhJfzpDaTFrvvUYcuLj8l75NhvE2li5gZdYbGJt4SkAu5ucOHYeKtqhu94XkmFo7hapVBbev2/s640/Gambar+1.jpg" width="299" /></a></div>
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Gambar 1. Manometer</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBB8-Pp6Vk_X36eivhuGj5_bWSrMLwd-VxMfYcSG2FbZXW3RCqrgwhp8VobfyZ9UaaFZk7XLrKpspFdWViY8G_uMjUzdmDVzlr4EA4JW5fwJbzhT8iJ-1os5lfrDLwZgEeSt0HNlSsq5v7/s1600/Gambar+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="377" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBB8-Pp6Vk_X36eivhuGj5_bWSrMLwd-VxMfYcSG2FbZXW3RCqrgwhp8VobfyZ9UaaFZk7XLrKpspFdWViY8G_uMjUzdmDVzlr4EA4JW5fwJbzhT8iJ-1os5lfrDLwZgEeSt0HNlSsq5v7/s400/Gambar+2.jpg" width="301" /></a></div>
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Gambar 2. Garis tekanan pada manometer</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Untuk cairan yang akan diisikan pada manometer dapat
digunakan minuman ringan dan sebaiknya yang warna merah.</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Aok27rne4aj6qAMhguKy1knYnj-dDbXFShFni39um8GawxIN9llg2kvnslyf3nlzwbnTGf2GoVa_fX-J2_2n5X63K1FWdo25WxspsNUD9bcqUy29U2F9E3io2ZPge68zvWWuitWu27GY/s1600/Gambar+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Aok27rne4aj6qAMhguKy1knYnj-dDbXFShFni39um8GawxIN9llg2kvnslyf3nlzwbnTGf2GoVa_fX-J2_2n5X63K1FWdo25WxspsNUD9bcqUy29U2F9E3io2ZPge68zvWWuitWu27GY/s1600/Gambar+3.jpg" /></a></div>
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Gambar 3. Pengisian cairan kedalam manometer</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"> Kompor yang digunakan untuk keperluan memasak dengan biogas
berbeda dengan kompor gas yang menggunakan bahan baku elpiji. Lubang tempat
keluarnya gas pada kompor biogas lebih kecil dari kompor untuk gas
elpiji.Kompor ini sudah banyak terdapat di pasaran termasuk dari pabrikan terkenal.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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Gambar 4. Kompor biogas</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOgM5_DFCS42ivG4Srf8veCvP9Wii_GnAYy8uISEes0w_pbXLApLs0uuz9R89VUk4g-9aTsov95YsF0hjeQ00kASLHtVHpdQboR108pjZ6oRj3OVAon8zoP0WIx2gxynmxjPxtuBoFse6U/s1600/Gambar+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOgM5_DFCS42ivG4Srf8veCvP9Wii_GnAYy8uISEes0w_pbXLApLs0uuz9R89VUk4g-9aTsov95YsF0hjeQ00kASLHtVHpdQboR108pjZ6oRj3OVAon8zoP0WIx2gxynmxjPxtuBoFse6U/s1600/Gambar+5.jpg" /></a></div>
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Gambar 5. Komponen kompor biogas</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"> Setelah instalasi manometer dan kompor gas selesai dipasang,
sebaiknya dilakukan pemeriksaan kebocoran instalasi pipa secara keseluruhan.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Cara
paling mudah memeriksa kebocoran sistem pemipaan adalah dengan menggunakan air
sabun.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Langkah-langkah pemasangan instalasi manometer dan kompor gas
adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Pasang </span><i style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">fitting </i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">T sebelum akhir dari jaringan pipa,
yaitu ujung terakhir yang menghubungkannya dengan kompor.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhssBmukWuHVukdkyecNqTphjp1i9Goc6tAZTSDChlYcfF_ZhYgAW8xiEbCKVPo5lecmjn89XpZUPh7AwKsvxdmijKUsq3YYC_4xvMGxkKhRLii-_G_0-ZW9gyLixFfysH9B2bYAqp6hD0-/s1600/Gambar+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhssBmukWuHVukdkyecNqTphjp1i9Goc6tAZTSDChlYcfF_ZhYgAW8xiEbCKVPo5lecmjn89XpZUPh7AwKsvxdmijKUsq3YYC_4xvMGxkKhRLii-_G_0-ZW9gyLixFfysH9B2bYAqp6hD0-/s1600/Gambar+6.jpg" /></a></div>
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Gambar 6. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;">Pemasangan </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;">fitting </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;">T sebelum ujung akhir
pipa</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2. </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Kemudian pasangkan <i>nipple </i>pada <i>fitting </i>tersebut.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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Gambar 7. Nipple</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxaeojJyOl4JGqWDAbWH11Eu5elnRDtc8pKkuVe3GkfLspmuT9_YIr4aJgtNugbYCj37MEchk0XomASKIC1-sPpg-cLE0cbmKH72tNXL150GqwEHiBJStXlNx27UkFIgul3v5VmFc7ZLT2/s1600/Gambar+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="374" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxaeojJyOl4JGqWDAbWH11Eu5elnRDtc8pKkuVe3GkfLspmuT9_YIr4aJgtNugbYCj37MEchk0XomASKIC1-sPpg-cLE0cbmKH72tNXL150GqwEHiBJStXlNx27UkFIgul3v5VmFc7ZLT2/s1600/Gambar+8.jpg" /></a></div>
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Gambar 8. Pemasangan nipple pada fitting T</div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 24px; text-indent: -24px;">3. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -24px;">Hubungkan </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -24px;">nipple </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -24px;">dengan selang manometer.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 15.3999996185303px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlAeWELdJdKiIZyGwUpFo-xA4um_zSjNVwNHix87twSXyF6VwqlrfstPzSAIlulC2jNUPQ6jiqHYTugsDdGEmejGVauWyC4bM9uO2_LnuGoKxEXdDwaoZpCRTukxOK8CYJ_Sridwo3FoN8/s1600/Gambar+9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlAeWELdJdKiIZyGwUpFo-xA4um_zSjNVwNHix87twSXyF6VwqlrfstPzSAIlulC2jNUPQ6jiqHYTugsDdGEmejGVauWyC4bM9uO2_LnuGoKxEXdDwaoZpCRTukxOK8CYJ_Sridwo3FoN8/s1600/Gambar+9.jpg" /></a></div>
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Gambar 9. Menghubungkan manometer dengan nipple</div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 15.3999996185303px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 15.3999996185303px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4. </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Pasang <i>knee </i>pada ujung instalasi pipa kemudian pasang
kran gas pada <i>knee </i>tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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Gambar 10. Pemasangan kran biogas</div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">5. Hubungkan kran tersebut dengan kompor dengan menggunakan pipa
PE.</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiKZO2gsXoKcBGcr_s4DgyCpDT92KkiRsezScq17wF2uBQRWvhgsxDixI91psgfbotSK1WHF3br85TrDoAAKQNABVxMhewT0OwyjWLhWDXX1sqUUzdHnerllbdQCXFX1rr0BG4RQsgUTzc/s1600/Gambar+11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="459" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiKZO2gsXoKcBGcr_s4DgyCpDT92KkiRsezScq17wF2uBQRWvhgsxDixI91psgfbotSK1WHF3br85TrDoAAKQNABVxMhewT0OwyjWLhWDXX1sqUUzdHnerllbdQCXFX1rr0BG4RQsgUTzc/s1600/Gambar+11.jpg" /></a></div>
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Gambar 11. Menghubungkan kran dengan kompor biogas</div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">6. Berikut adalah gambar contoh instalasi manometer dan kompor
yang sudah terpasang.</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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Gambar 12. Instalasi manometer dan kompor biogas</div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">7. Setelah instalasi manometer dan kompor selesai dilaksanakan
maka lakukan pemeriksaan kebocoran. Kebocoran yang paling umum ditemukan adalah
pada sambungan yang menghubungkan pipa/selang plastik manometer dengan </span><i style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">nipple</i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">,
atau pada sambungan-sambungan pipa. Gambar berikut menunjukkan salah satu
temuan kebocoran pada pipa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEvLAW7Vl4SuX30KrnHWA4ZaV2IPyNQRZxzLGJyL5VuCvm7yeXtRxQrTr7gFzbY4ailggmEX55srr1xxAVvPKYc7JGNiAkCq6vE_8beqjLmiuLv7EetZminRZHQf1K18XEaZF4jD_N4IEW/s1600/Gambar+13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEvLAW7Vl4SuX30KrnHWA4ZaV2IPyNQRZxzLGJyL5VuCvm7yeXtRxQrTr7gFzbY4ailggmEX55srr1xxAVvPKYc7JGNiAkCq6vE_8beqjLmiuLv7EetZminRZHQf1K18XEaZF4jD_N4IEW/s1600/Gambar+13.jpg" /></a></div>
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Gambar 13. Memeriksa kebocoran gas pada sambungan pipa</div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24px;"> Cara yang mudah dan praktis untuk memeriksa kebocoran adalah
dengan menggunakan air sabun. Langkah-langkah pemeriksaan kebocoran pada instalasi
pipa reaktor biogas adalah sebagai berkut</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24px;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24px;">:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Setelah pipa dipasang maka tanah yang digali untuk jalur pipa
jangan ditimbun dulu, agar memudahkan untuk melakukan pemeriksaan kebocoran
pipa</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Sediakan terlebih dahulu sabun (bubuk detergen) di dalam
ember atau wadah lain</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Masukkan air dan aduk dengan merata hingga menimbulkan buih</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Masukkan kain atau lebih baik kantung plastik (bekas) ke
dalam air sabun</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Tutup kran (katup) pada pipa gas utama</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Pompakan udara dengan cara meniup secara manual (dengan
mulut) ke dalam instalasi pipa melalui selang yang akan dihubungkan ke kompor,
atau dapat juga menggunakan pompa angin untuk sepeda</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">g. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Catat besarnya tekanan udara di dalam instalasi pipa dengan
cara membaca di manometer.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">h.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Apabila beberapa saat setelah udara dipompa ke dalam
instalasi pipa, ketinggian air pada manometer turun dengan cepat berarti ada
kebocoran yang besar pada instalasi pipa tersebut.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">i.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lakukan pemeriksaan pada sambungan-sambungan terlebih dahulu,
termasuk <i>nipple </i>dengan menutup sambungan (tidak perlu terlalu kuat
menggenggamnya) dengan menggunakan kain atau kantong plastik tadi (lihat
gambarberikut)</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">j.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Apabila ada kebocoran pada sambungan tersebut maka buih akan
keluar dari kantong plastik tersebut. Segera ganti sambungan tersebut dengan
yang baru.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">k.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Apabila tidak terdapat kebocoran pada sambungan lakukan
pemeriksaan pada pipa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">l.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Pemeriksaan kebocoran pada pipa relatif lebih sulit dan lama
dilakukan karena pemeriksaan dilakukan secara menyeluruh. Pada salah satu kasus
panjang instalasi pipa ada yang mencapai hingga 180 m (30 batang pipa PVC)</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">m.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Apabila terdapat kebocoran pada pipa segera potong dan buang
bagian yang bocor tersebut dan kemudian sambung kembali. Penyambungan pipa
harus dilakukan dalam kondisi kering.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">n.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Kebocoran paling umum pada batang pipa terjadi akibat kurang
hati-hatinya pengangkutan pipa dari tempat penjualan. Pipa diletakkan pada bak
mobil pengangkut tanpa memberi alas dari bahan yang lunak, seperti kain atau
kertas kartun (lihat gambar</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 14</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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Gambar 14. Potongan dari pipa yang bocor</div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">8. Kebocoran yang terjadi pada <i>nipple </i>dapat disebabkan
selang yang terlalu besar atau diameter mulut <i>nipple</i></span><i style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">yang
tidak standar. Atasi hal ini segera sebelum pemeriksaan kebocoran selesai
dilakukan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC5XZiIi_4Kaos_biNaeuT-tkqkgbAWo_FpE_0HsJwsBGhiIeqY47k_tN1f2ZxIikqXE9Te9pb4nP4N45FLehGCsoypTZXhHtXCMf7Ouln75rqzVXf_8wRGupNbA6qtb81FZOlL2ZDY6DQ/s1600/Gambar+15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="374" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC5XZiIi_4Kaos_biNaeuT-tkqkgbAWo_FpE_0HsJwsBGhiIeqY47k_tN1f2ZxIikqXE9Te9pb4nP4N45FLehGCsoypTZXhHtXCMf7Ouln75rqzVXf_8wRGupNbA6qtb81FZOlL2ZDY6DQ/s1600/Gambar+15.jpg" /></a></div>
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Gambar 15. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;">Mengatasi kebocoran pada nipple untuk sementara</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">9.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Setelah kebocoran pipa selesai, maka pompa kembali udara ke
dalam instalasi pipa reaktor biogas.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Setelah mencapai angka tertentu, misal pada ketinggian 80 cm,
catat atau beri tanda angka tersebut.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Biarkan selama</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> kurang lebih 2</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">(</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">dua</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">)</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">jam.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Apabila ada
penurunan yang signifikan maka lakukan pemeriksaan ulang terhadap kebocoran
pipa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">10. Biogas untuk skala rumah tangga dapat digunakan baik untuk
memasak maupun penerangan.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Berikut adalah contoh penggunaan biogas untuk kompor dan
lampu.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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Gambar 16. Kompor biogas untuk memasak</div>
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<br /></div>
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Gambar 17. Lampu biogas untuk penerangan</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-78069065548065772212017-08-26T21:46:00.002+07:002017-08-26T21:47:53.103+07:00Pembuatan Lubang Kompos (Slurry Pit) Pada Reaktor Biogas<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Slurry pit </span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(lubang kompos)
merupakan tempat pembuangan <i>bio-slurry </i>setelah selesainya proses
fermentasi di dalam <i>digester</i>. <i>Slurry </i>yang telah dibuang sudah
tidak berbau sehingga tidak mengganggu lingkungan dan dapat digunakan langsung
sebagai pupuk organik.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Gambar 1. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Gambar denah
lubang kompos (<i>slurry pit</i>)</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> Minimal ada dua <i>slurry pit </i>yang harus digali</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> dekat outlet</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">, dengan jarak minimum 100 cm dari <i>outlet</i>. Volume
(isi) dari kedua <i>slurry pit </i>paling tidak sama dengan isi tempat
pengolahan (<i>digester</i>). Kedalaman lubang kompos tidak boleh melebihi 1
meter dan jarak antara kedua lubang maksimal 50 cm.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Panjang dan lebar di bagian atas harus melebihi bagian bawah.
Tepi <i>slurry pit </i>harus ditinggikan 10 cm di semua sisi untuk mencegah
masuknya air limpasan masuk ke lubang kompos.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Gambar 2.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> Gambar </span><span style="color: windowtext;">potongan melintang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">
lubang kompos (<i>slurry pit</i>)</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> Slurry pit </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">yang menjadi standar dapat terbuat
dari tanah tanpa pasangan</span><span style="color: windowtext;">, tet</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">api ada kasus
tertentu dimana <i>slurry pit </i>terbuat dari pasangan bata, hal ini
tergantung kepada pengguna. Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh <i>slurry pit </i>yang
telah selesai dibangun.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gambar 3. Lubang kompos (slurry piy) tanpa pasangan bata</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gambar 4. Slurry pit dari tanah dengan saluran pasangan bata</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">G</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ambar 5. Lubang kompos (slurry pit) dari pasangan bata</span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-27852764174847053342017-08-07T08:38:00.000+07:002017-08-07T08:38:26.624+07:00Pekerjaan Instalasi Pipa Reaktor Biogas<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Instalasi pipa merupakan penghubung antara reaktor dengan
instalasi kompor di dapur dan berfungsi menyuplai gas yang dihasilkan di
reaktor biogas tersebut.Untuk sistem penyuplai gas ini digunakan pipa PVC dan
pipa besi. Diameter pipa besi dan pipa PVC yang digunakan adalah sebesar ½ inchi.
Pemasangan instalasi jaringan pipa ke rumah bisa terletak di atas atau ditanam
di dalam tanah dengan kedalaman 30 cm minimal. Karena umumnya diperlukan pipa
yang cukup panjang, maka pipa harus disambung dengan menggunakan <i>fitting</i>.
Setiap <i>fitting </i>harus dililit dengan selotip teflon pipa. Berhubung kebocoran
gas dapat terjadi pada sistem perpipaan, maka sebaiknya sambungan pipa
diminimalisir agar dapat mengurangi peluang kebocoran gas. Selain gas</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> reaktor juga menghasilkan air.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Air yang terperangkap di dalam gas dapat mengakibatkat tidak
lancarnya aliran gas yang menuju kompor. Salah satu indikator bahwa terdapat
air yang terperangkap di dalam pipa adalah nyala api di kompor yang bercampur
warna kuning. Untuk membuang air yang terperangkap tersebut, maka dibuatkan
instalasi <i>Water drain</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Water drain </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">diletakkan
pada titik terendah pada jaringan pipa, sedangkan jumlah <i>Water drain </i>dimungkinkan
lebih dari satu, </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">ergantung pada
kondisi lapangan.</span></div>
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Gambar 1. Jalur instalasi pipa gas</div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Langkah-langkah pemasangan instalasi pipa reaktor biogas
adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt;">Pasang pipa
penyambung antara pipa gas utama dengan pipa PVC yang telah tersedia dan
memenuhi standar pada pipa gas utama.</span></div>
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Gambar 2. Memasang pipa penyambung</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt;">2. Pasang pipa PVC dari pipa gas utama hingga ke
dapur atau tempat lain dimana kompor atau lampu terdapat.</span></div>
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Gambar 3. Memasang pipa PVC dari pipa gas utama hingga ke dapur</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt;">3. Tentukan letak titik terendah dari jaringan pipa
PVC tersebut dimana </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt;">Water drain </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt;">akan dipasang, bila perlu dengan melakukan penggalian tanah.</span></div>
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Gambar 4. Menggali tanah untuk kotak water drain</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">4. </span>Konstruksi
<i>Water drain </i>adalah sebagai berikut</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: -18pt;">,</span></div>
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Gambar 5. Skema konstruksi kotak water drain</div>
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Gambar 6. Konstruksi kotak water drain dengan pasangan bata</div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: -18pt;">5. Contoh kasus </span><i style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: -18pt;">Water drain </i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: -18pt;">tanpa menggunakan kotak pelindung.</span></div>
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Gambar 7. Water drain tanpa kotak pelindung</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-11650285759597810812017-07-28T09:55:00.003+07:002017-07-28T09:55:54.944+07:00Pekerjaan Inlet Reaktor Biogas<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; line-height: 105%;">Inlet </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;">atau tangki pencampur
adalah tempat mencampur kotoran hewan dengan air sebelum dialirkan ke dalam <i>digester
</i>melalui pipa <i>inlet</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;">Biasanya <i>inlet </i>baru dibangun setelah <i>outlet
</i>selesai dibangun, namun bisa saja keduanya dikerjakan bersamaan. Pipa <i>inlet
</i>ditempatkan sejajar dengan posisi tiang pipa gas utama dan <i>overflow</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;">outlet</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;">Ketinggian dasar
bangunan <i>inlet </i>dapat ditentukan dengan cara lantai tangki <i>inlet </i>ditempatkan
lebih tinggi kira-kira 15 cm dari overflow <i>outlet</i>. Tujuannya adalah agar
kotoran hewan tidak kembali keluar melalui <i>inlet</i>, bahkan dapat juga
mengakibatkan <i>slurry </i>masuk ke dalam pipa gas utama. Tinggi bangunan <i>inlet
</i>minimal 50 cm dan maksimal 100 cm dari tanah dasar, dengan diameter <i>inlet
</i>60 cm.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;">Untuk mengaduk kotoran hewan <i>inlet </i>dibangun
dengan memasang <i>mixer </i>didalamnya.<i>Mixer </i>dapat bermacam-macam
modelnya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;">Yang penting diperhatikan adalah bahwa pada saat
mengaduk <i>mixer </i>tidak terkena dinding <i>inlet</i>, serta ketinggiannya
diatur sedemikian rupa sehingga nyaman waktu digunakan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Mixer untuk mengaduk pada pipa <i>inlet</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;"><i> </i>Pada saat ketinggian bundaran lubang telah mencapai 45 cm,
batang pengikat <i>mixer </i>harus dipaskan untuk mengencangkan <i>mixer</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;">Pisau <i>mixer </i>berada maksimal 3 cm dari dasar <i>Inlet</i>.
Jika pengguna menginginkan kotoran dari <i>toilet </i>dimasukkan ke dalam
reaktor maka pipa <i>inlet </i>yang berasal dari toilet tidak boleh lebih 30°
dari garis lurus dan 15 cm diatas ketinggian dari <i>overflow outlet</i>. Letak
<i>inlet </i>bergantung kepada kondisi dari lokasi dan permintaan pengguna</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;">, a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;">pakah tepat di atas mulut pipa <i>inlet </i>atau dekat dari
kandang sehingga jauh dari mulut pipa <i>inlet</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;">Langkah-langkah pemasangan <i>inlet </i>adalah sebagai
berikut :</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="text-align: center;">1. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">Gambarkan di atas
tanah</span><i style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">lay out </i><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">untuk pondasi </span><i style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">inlet </i><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">berupa lingkaran dengan diameter
sebesar diameter luar </span><i style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">inlet </i><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">± 5 cm.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Menggambar lay out inlet di atas tanah</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">2. Gali
tanah untuk menyesuaikan ketinggian dasar <i>inlet </i>dengan yang ditentukan</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"> (lihat gambar 3).</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJpJVb39CXNUKmD6HcB_LlSa__rs_V_sao2JtmTw27s61JXTPDIILJ08esqZ4RK5ipeFAt0wgRp6GnHu1UrXAlqgEshuiKfcdgD_zPiG5WBZDDtcJXX7GC9LcWfCr2BC8VXL0Z3r3Lt7zd/s1600/gambar+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJpJVb39CXNUKmD6HcB_LlSa__rs_V_sao2JtmTw27s61JXTPDIILJ08esqZ4RK5ipeFAt0wgRp6GnHu1UrXAlqgEshuiKfcdgD_zPiG5WBZDDtcJXX7GC9LcWfCr2BC8VXL0Z3r3Lt7zd/s1600/gambar+3.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 3. Menggali tanah untuk menyesuaikan dasar inlet</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: center; text-indent: -24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="text-align: center; text-indent: -24px;">3. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -24px;">Susun batu bata, atau
batu atau kerikil pada lubang pondasi yang telah digali tadi. Pasang as dari
kayu atau pipa besi (pipa besi bekas as dari pengecoran kubah). Selanjutnya isi
celah-celah batu bata dengan pasir atau pasir dari sisa pengayakan.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 4. Menyusun bata dan menghamparkan pasir</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">4. Hamparkan
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">adukan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> beton 1 : 3 : 5 </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">atau</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> 6 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">dengan
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">ketebalan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> 5 – 7 cm. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Untuk bekisting dapat
digunakan batu bata.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 5. Mengecor lantai dasar inlet</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">5. Gambarkan
kembali <i>lay out</i></span><i style="text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span></i><i style="text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">inlet</span></i><i style="text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">di atas pondasi <i>inlet untuk </i>pasangan dinding batu
bata.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Menggambar <i>lay out inlet </i>di atas pondasi</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">6. Pasang
batu bata dan pipa saluran dari </span><i style="color: windowtext; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">inlet </i><span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">menuju mulut pipa </span><i style="color: windowtext; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">inlet</i><span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 7. Memasang bata dan pipa
saluran</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">7. Pasang
kotak pada mulut pipa <i>inlet</i></span><i style="text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: windowtext;">.</span></i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i style="text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><br /></span></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Memasang kotak
pada mulut pipa <i>inlet</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="text-align: center;"><i>8. </i></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">Pada saat pasangan
batu bata mencapai ketinggian 45 cm, maka lakukan </span><i style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">setting out mixer </i><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">pada
</span><i style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">inlet</i><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 9. Mensetting out mixer pada
Inlet</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="text-align: center;">9. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">Kemudian cabut
kembali </span><i style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">mixer </i><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">dan lakukan </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">finishing</span><i style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">
</i><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">pada </span><i style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">inlet</i><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8yNP_xf2fC_hgV74YQKRHGFR6dp94Kk6-jd71-ZKEpdlxTXWwqvM55LNPPPrigToFvBc5p6yybaGhU07-g7PvE00jCW8U6Tu-BpMj-p3tJmwCJlKlJR-0klOIlJ_mMEoLXcpcHDRLj4cn/s1600/gambar+10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8yNP_xf2fC_hgV74YQKRHGFR6dp94Kk6-jd71-ZKEpdlxTXWwqvM55LNPPPrigToFvBc5p6yybaGhU07-g7PvE00jCW8U6Tu-BpMj-p3tJmwCJlKlJR-0klOIlJ_mMEoLXcpcHDRLj4cn/s1600/gambar+10.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 1</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">0.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Melakukan</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">finishing<i> inle</i></span></span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">t </span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">sebelum memasang mixer</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="text-align: center;">10. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">Kemudian pasang
kembali </span><i style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">mixer </i><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">dan selesaikan sisa batu bata yang belum terpasang.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj47AB3RFTEQ9Kn0I-Rm3-crYYjrOuZBw7713FPDIRIB4xk8M2wrhdXF0B4kczlZnDJoTZHN-VAu7A-6FD40mfmfOxcbmSm3cvneXsl3eiNqmi52XGl9sM51CoOcNkBgC75SWnciajr2N1D/s1600/gambar+11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj47AB3RFTEQ9Kn0I-Rm3-crYYjrOuZBw7713FPDIRIB4xk8M2wrhdXF0B4kczlZnDJoTZHN-VAu7A-6FD40mfmfOxcbmSm3cvneXsl3eiNqmi52XGl9sM51CoOcNkBgC75SWnciajr2N1D/s1600/gambar+11.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 11. Memasang mixer dan finishing kembali inlet</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbVZTUnTEsjeZ3Nmvmf_TxnNmbNQSaearJN8kR3DYH_OwMFv5feXbxhyHy93dEAr3LxK-6Yo1KXmKDf8gihqwxw8rLfmj7_ZkDCQj_soPyEFiXS9cuxU90p98ld2KnCJgSURuSmWBrrQ6t/s1600/gambar+12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbVZTUnTEsjeZ3Nmvmf_TxnNmbNQSaearJN8kR3DYH_OwMFv5feXbxhyHy93dEAr3LxK-6Yo1KXmKDf8gihqwxw8rLfmj7_ZkDCQj_soPyEFiXS9cuxU90p98ld2KnCJgSURuSmWBrrQ6t/s1600/gambar+12.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 12.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Inlet </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">yang telah siap digunakan</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Selanjutnya untuk inlet yang terbuat dari pasangan batu kali,
langkah-langkah pemasangan tidak jauh berbeda dengan inlet yang terbuat dari
pasangan batu bata, sebagaimana ditunjukkan pada gambar-gambar berikut ini.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3hzR0yEO_1pOx0FzYxJnZJCyP3hvQOTEdAAPM2UfrzY4r2rsnulGwGp07SsXA98JUiU0C63tPQUlqCA2zQY38JKE6juaXJFICirQtvArnUEXRdkdpvcd_rtzF2s7Fc-lp8mCziNKDbi3H/s1600/gambar+13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3hzR0yEO_1pOx0FzYxJnZJCyP3hvQOTEdAAPM2UfrzY4r2rsnulGwGp07SsXA98JUiU0C63tPQUlqCA2zQY38JKE6juaXJFICirQtvArnUEXRdkdpvcd_rtzF2s7Fc-lp8mCziNKDbi3H/s1600/gambar+13.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 13. Menggambar lay out inlet</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIMb_x6B7p-o1x2mZ-cLA2haVDZExamqf63XSQMYJq9vCgOMiTCXAG0zGQr2DvlbkLg2S2K-cfm3gFqc6tK0lgOxGgYZYm4jnTbwnd5vGgJHSD54Ven5qSGo5p-Y8eDJDQs2fqNAdvNLt5/s1600/gambar+14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIMb_x6B7p-o1x2mZ-cLA2haVDZExamqf63XSQMYJq9vCgOMiTCXAG0zGQr2DvlbkLg2S2K-cfm3gFqc6tK0lgOxGgYZYm4jnTbwnd5vGgJHSD54Ven5qSGo5p-Y8eDJDQs2fqNAdvNLt5/s1600/gambar+14.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 14. Memasang batu kali dan pipa saluran</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjayna4aZ00TVRqiJnQVTs7KRyH1lwKT1TU9TZG75m5_xB1-GZVOISkV4dst3h2bZoMB820DWR7beO5V5vgXFfFNLwE7M3GvsT70fe6Bz-qrxKI-2AyD7ahcg1sw55eeOxaddtOQj8qjdZO/s1600/gambar+15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjayna4aZ00TVRqiJnQVTs7KRyH1lwKT1TU9TZG75m5_xB1-GZVOISkV4dst3h2bZoMB820DWR7beO5V5vgXFfFNLwE7M3GvsT70fe6Bz-qrxKI-2AyD7ahcg1sw55eeOxaddtOQj8qjdZO/s1600/gambar+15.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 15. Memasang dinding inlet</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBmyShIEAXr-wWirPEISpnIjHVfDq2ifr5xaP_LcQ6wjjOrv9ZThWrtb91Xht2bJW6QJJxVS5HUiS742OGYA6nETnE7RUpI4smbf4nwKZTq4j93IXP-IxznoDmswkSJNyGSVzyBrxK46g_/s1600/gambar+16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBmyShIEAXr-wWirPEISpnIjHVfDq2ifr5xaP_LcQ6wjjOrv9ZThWrtb91Xht2bJW6QJJxVS5HUiS742OGYA6nETnE7RUpI4smbf4nwKZTq4j93IXP-IxznoDmswkSJNyGSVzyBrxK46g_/s1600/gambar+16.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 16. Melakukan finishing inlet sebelum memasang mixer</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8aVPY3m0IBeMCVG3EWrkKKX68Nr6oWiqq-rX8FB65h_pIE9d-9w2OSH9uL_1X4hGxm4cupRlqOnDQlcwAS708HA3DuT-USwAinR3Xu0b8zisneIjHIADsdUcgkASl-IdI3iSTHW2CVddU/s1600/gambar+17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8aVPY3m0IBeMCVG3EWrkKKX68Nr6oWiqq-rX8FB65h_pIE9d-9w2OSH9uL_1X4hGxm4cupRlqOnDQlcwAS708HA3DuT-USwAinR3Xu0b8zisneIjHIADsdUcgkASl-IdI3iSTHW2CVddU/s1600/gambar+17.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 17.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Inlet </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dari pasangan batu kali </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">siap
digunakan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;"> Perhatikan gambar di atas, terlihat bahwa ada pipa PVC yang
menonjol.Pipa tersebut dimaksudkan untuk disambung ke toilet (jamban) keluarga.
Perlu diketahui</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;"> bahwa</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;"> <i><span lang="EN-US">inlet </span></i><span lang="EN-US">untuk reaktor biogas yang menggunakan kotoran babi sedikit berbeda
dengan yang menggunakan kotoran sapi. Adapun perbedaan pada </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;">inlet </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;">reaktor biogas yang menggunakan kotoran babi</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;"> adalah sebagai berikut </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-align: center;">:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Inlet
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">tidak menggunakan <i>mixer</i></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Tinggi
<i>Inlet </i>25 – 45 cm</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Ada penambahan
tandon untuk tempat mencampur kohe babi</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Ukuran
(dalam) Tandon 1,50 m x 1,00 m x 0,30 m (tidak mutlak), boleh 1,20 x 1,20 x
0,20 d</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">an </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">s</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">e</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">b</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">againya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;"> Untuk point 2) dan 4), </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;">ergantung </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;">pada </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;">pengisian harian dan keinginan</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;"> dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;">
pengguna</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;">nya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;">, ada juga pengguna yang tidak menggunakan t</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;">ndon.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxRyuFtCce3Md__JitMiiqZF7n26ShH-UfneTJ91B3hxWrnUXTVojXaW-W4ZkMhUk3SzPYCjc42cwpRgLeT748k3GvFFhHgPtGsBMI1zKOLAzBusXg8u61uvHujDXwli9YB4HFf59e-5fX/s1600/gambar+18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxRyuFtCce3Md__JitMiiqZF7n26ShH-UfneTJ91B3hxWrnUXTVojXaW-W4ZkMhUk3SzPYCjc42cwpRgLeT748k3GvFFhHgPtGsBMI1zKOLAzBusXg8u61uvHujDXwli9YB4HFf59e-5fX/s1600/gambar+18.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 18. Contoh inlet reaktor yang menggunakan kotoran babi</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxhQ9VoK52a8wUcFbf3alr_gSVJuv9cvepCWQq6TOTM2F2y8BU9DUANWAoFD3GpqrQHy5Sb-qY8IXHoYKoQfXC5DEc67zFMblhmGHSyw0Lzzgyq0sX7WxuZDx_v8bhAT40jsNIK9S69483/s1600/gambar+19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxhQ9VoK52a8wUcFbf3alr_gSVJuv9cvepCWQq6TOTM2F2y8BU9DUANWAoFD3GpqrQHy5Sb-qY8IXHoYKoQfXC5DEc67zFMblhmGHSyw0Lzzgyq0sX7WxuZDx_v8bhAT40jsNIK9S69483/s1600/gambar+19.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 19. Contoh inlet reaktor biogas tanpa tandon</span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-31344470967817585342017-07-22T10:25:00.003+07:002017-07-22T10:25:51.036+07:00Pekerjaan Outlet Reaktor Biogas<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-style: italic;">Outlet reaktor biogas </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">yang disebut juga
dengan ruang hidrolis atau ruang pemisah berfungsi sebagai tempat penampungan <i>bio-slurry
</i>sebelum dialirkan menuju <i>slurry pit </i>melalui <i>overflow</i>. <i>Outlet
</i>sangat penting untuk membantu proses penekanan gas di dalam kubah reaktor untuk
dialirkan ke kompor gas yang berada di dapur.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Penggalian untuk
ruang <i>outlet </i>dilakukan tepat dibelakang <i>manhole</i>, tingkat
kedalaman galian diukur dari lantai <i>digester </i>(tidak termasuk tebal
lantai <i>digester</i>).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Ukuran harus
akurat sesuai kapasitas reaktor biogas, mengingat fungsinya yang sangat penting seperti telah disebutkan di atas.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;"> Tangki </span><i style="color: windowtext;">outlet </i><span style="color: windowtext;">dibuat lebih tinggi dari tanah dasar
sekeliling reaktor biogas untuk mencegah masuknya air limpahan dari luar, ketinggian ini
adalah sebesar 15 cm dari tanah dasar . Pada </span><i style="color: windowtext;">outlet </i><span style="color: windowtext;">perlu dibuatkan lubang kecil atau </span><i style="color: windowtext;">overflow
</i><span style="color: windowtext;">yang berfungsi untuk mengalirkan </span><i style="color: windowtext;">bio-slurry </i><span style="color: windowtext;">pada </span><i style="color: windowtext;">outlet </i><span style="color: windowtext;">untuk
kemudian ditampung pada </span><i style="color: windowtext;">slurry pit. </i><span style="color: windowtext;">Ukuran overflow adalah 10 x 20 cm
atau dapat juga dibuat dengan ukuran 15 x 15 cm.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;"> Langkah-langkah untuk memasang
overflow adalah sebagai berikut :</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">1.</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Periksa
kembali lubang galian yang disediakan untuk <i>outlet</i>. Kemudian ratakan dan
bersihkan permukaan tanah dimana <i>outlet</i></span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">akan dipasang.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">2.</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Susun
bata sedemikian rupa sebagai lantai kerja. Jangan lupa untuk memeriksa
kedataran lantai kerja tersebut. Untuk lantai kerja dapat juga pasangan batu
kali tanpa adukan (batu kosong) atau kerakal (agregat kasar dengan ukuran lebih
besar dari kerikil).</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLw0CpgqiYeincrvZ-uVUUo_IlEQRBptGimeP8eAt5pwO5xK9r0gL8YQCKKh3qVewfZVrmrB_My8okMZWLbkNlwXrPv1dteVPOpAeygJ7WoxakoU-7GHXPTxYh_4Pu5WUEuQBQDjJBXe_g/s1600/gambar+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLw0CpgqiYeincrvZ-uVUUo_IlEQRBptGimeP8eAt5pwO5xK9r0gL8YQCKKh3qVewfZVrmrB_My8okMZWLbkNlwXrPv1dteVPOpAeygJ7WoxakoU-7GHXPTxYh_4Pu5WUEuQBQDjJBXe_g/s1600/gambar+1.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 1. Menyusun bata untuk lantai kerja</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Setelah
susunan bata tersebut selesai hamparkan pasir di atas susunan batu bata
kemudian gunakan sapu lidi agar pasir masuk ke dalam celah-celah batu bata.
Percikkan air ke permukaan lantai kerja, kemudian hamparkan lagi pasir untuk
mengisi celah yang terjadi akibat percikan air tadi. Langkah ini persis sama
ketika pemasangan lantai kerja pada pemasangan <i>digester</i>.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvrr0LN5yooEJM7ID3b_gcJbR8ArnoJHLzYr5kP8hzs3GXO7AhkwFioiEYykZe1KX1TRrfpAHZ2JTXHayoas-GYhqbZf_WniaT8fz7EN82XYO1QjOWNuJpYE0YG9M0NKImns7VL05jqD_W/s1600/gambar+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvrr0LN5yooEJM7ID3b_gcJbR8ArnoJHLzYr5kP8hzs3GXO7AhkwFioiEYykZe1KX1TRrfpAHZ2JTXHayoas-GYhqbZf_WniaT8fz7EN82XYO1QjOWNuJpYE0YG9M0NKImns7VL05jqD_W/s1600/gambar+2.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 2. Menghampar pasir untuk mengisi celah antar bata</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">4.</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Lakukan
persiapan untuk pengecoran lantai <i>outlet</i>, diantaranya dengan memasang
bekisting pada <i>manhole</i>.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoKyNY5kt15DE3n1DWESkRHLkFvQEGihhjr74YK29Hba74N1mAJ2VgLv_ZJWisgeL_Rf5NF7Z66tgvSSXSbB7jzLXMXgghiMhnhyxCgEGOIMySfKQm7lHkeb6oOPkNy1M0l5Bi6stpOUxW/s1600/gambar+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoKyNY5kt15DE3n1DWESkRHLkFvQEGihhjr74YK29Hba74N1mAJ2VgLv_ZJWisgeL_Rf5NF7Z66tgvSSXSbB7jzLXMXgghiMhnhyxCgEGOIMySfKQm7lHkeb6oOPkNy1M0l5Bi6stpOUxW/s1600/gambar+3.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 3. Memasang bekisting untuk manhole</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;">5. Setelah persiapan selesai hamparkan adukan beton
ke atas lantai kerja. Campuran untuk lantai kerja adalah 1 : 3 : 5 </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;">atau</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;"> 6. Kemudian rapikan
permukaan lantai dasar <i>outlet</i>.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO4NFkztHQgz8JL_-UyZysTnVRLCIgDSdMgnVJPkPuh6bTfrp9ODXxzCiw_jYl3o7DROREtKkP_Stfmoo5MVxU6doxuufu7EJbEzVzmUmdcz-l2ofSXXZkxxVjHkIuck6PHDhFEgiKTl90/s1600/gambar+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO4NFkztHQgz8JL_-UyZysTnVRLCIgDSdMgnVJPkPuh6bTfrp9ODXxzCiw_jYl3o7DROREtKkP_Stfmoo5MVxU6doxuufu7EJbEzVzmUmdcz-l2ofSXXZkxxVjHkIuck6PHDhFEgiKTl90/s1600/gambar+4.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 4. Mengecor lantai outlet reaktor biogas</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">6.</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Setelah
lantai dasar <i>outlet </i>kering, lakukan persiapan untuk memasang dinding <i>outlet</i>,
antara lain dengan membuat profil untuk pemasangan batu bata.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHmup-D9eRQcTBhexrA6u1q6qWTbJp_YWBx2DYtP9Gd5QghnJnWu26MJFQb8W_A8iDrIGnpV04DHxL0_fz7dKsiSfkFxiSLPIzn9aiCSIogsG4sID1-vFja2kvynZceGy6Vvwfgk4moVOr/s1600/gambar+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHmup-D9eRQcTBhexrA6u1q6qWTbJp_YWBx2DYtP9Gd5QghnJnWu26MJFQb8W_A8iDrIGnpV04DHxL0_fz7dKsiSfkFxiSLPIzn9aiCSIogsG4sID1-vFja2kvynZceGy6Vvwfgk4moVOr/s1600/gambar+5.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 5. Memasang profil pasangan pada lantai outlet reaktor biogas</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Sebelum
melaksanakan pekerjaan pasangan bata lakukan <i>lay out </i>dengan cara menyusun
batu bata tanpa adukan.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-QHFdWXxvy_dBNZ6-I2c5ZVnLx_VKMiurJuFFe5b-IFnU3zSQS2ghQ-7tkA6_CazPNrBJjJ8HiKmlBm2JNk_7khwZxQVIyBsZ9Fmrq3LGkcj7THV64SGLbBswjbZHsFuM3Tb6gyU7nxKs/s1600/gambar+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-QHFdWXxvy_dBNZ6-I2c5ZVnLx_VKMiurJuFFe5b-IFnU3zSQS2ghQ-7tkA6_CazPNrBJjJ8HiKmlBm2JNk_7khwZxQVIyBsZ9Fmrq3LGkcj7THV64SGLbBswjbZHsFuM3Tb6gyU7nxKs/s1600/gambar+6.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 6. Menyusun bata tanpa adukan semen</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">8.</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Pasang
batu bata lapis demi lapis. Tetap periksa ketegakan, kedataran, kerataan dan
kelurusan pasangan.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwpAWQhL8vBeB_dGxFrRV-hCeiu7R9-pV1zkFEFDlrd6CHhA6yEh6fYTUpjP9tryzTJesH1fVMoXr8TQJh90Q7QJ0RLHyRN0BqY1fGd2FKLIC_0V1zIm5tmpWI4xSaupbUuGHc4-TdITYW/s1600/gambar+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwpAWQhL8vBeB_dGxFrRV-hCeiu7R9-pV1zkFEFDlrd6CHhA6yEh6fYTUpjP9tryzTJesH1fVMoXr8TQJh90Q7QJ0RLHyRN0BqY1fGd2FKLIC_0V1zIm5tmpWI4xSaupbUuGHc4-TdITYW/s1600/gambar+7.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 7. Menyusun pasangan bata untuk diinding outlet reaktor biogas</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">9.</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Kamprot
dinding <i>outlet </i>sebagai persiapan pemlesteran. Bagian luar dari dinding
tidak perlu diplester, melainkan hanya dikamprot saja.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFYCtrGclAdcxQLw0IbC2mmX2CaABb1fei9vD6xObsFne2Wua_sG3qjsDAWTwBMahcY1z8a479QqYC6Dw3vJwVUw9n9sgNdnhc7uzrEvEYhG-v1hg7MBY7RxAQDLAYh91RurWn7h6N8Nf-/s1600/gambar+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFYCtrGclAdcxQLw0IbC2mmX2CaABb1fei9vD6xObsFne2Wua_sG3qjsDAWTwBMahcY1z8a479QqYC6Dw3vJwVUw9n9sgNdnhc7uzrEvEYhG-v1hg7MBY7RxAQDLAYh91RurWn7h6N8Nf-/s1600/gambar+8.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 8. Mengkamprot dan memplester dinding outlet reaktor biogas</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Buatlah </span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Overflow </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">pada <i>outle</i></span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: windowtext;">t </span></i><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">dengan ukuran 10 x 20 cm,<i> </i></span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Overflow
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">berfungsi untuk mengalirkan <i>bio-slurry </i>dari <i>Outlet </i>ke
lubang kompos. Lubang <i>outlet </i>dibuat pada saat pekerjaan dinding <i>outlet</i>.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhufu8pVvXaNkoHz7Cf8xfgI7_llecqS24ogmEIGIyX1HILm5FpMNQgmhlVL8J2uLkN6zHlvYgg3i8-H8ifCxxnbyygAfmXtkZzMWkZg7RmpcsPuc2g7NdeCQjlmYPlRDpPYzMKuXDAyLku/s1600/gambar+9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhufu8pVvXaNkoHz7Cf8xfgI7_llecqS24ogmEIGIyX1HILm5FpMNQgmhlVL8J2uLkN6zHlvYgg3i8-H8ifCxxnbyygAfmXtkZzMWkZg7RmpcsPuc2g7NdeCQjlmYPlRDpPYzMKuXDAyLku/s1600/gambar+9.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 9. Membuat overflow pada oulet reaktor biogas</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVEUswq_3EqTl7b92WarP8PXDJaxzcH57Z8DEhQ4ZogJcSgWg6MyPTA9G_K1CeZh9XzWD_qPPzQXEwxDthw-2s35-IU9RHCxdrNXUWPkfhlUzpVLBJc0XLyOUQjineAEjiK9qxfCyxUmVv/s1600/gambar+10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVEUswq_3EqTl7b92WarP8PXDJaxzcH57Z8DEhQ4ZogJcSgWg6MyPTA9G_K1CeZh9XzWD_qPPzQXEwxDthw-2s35-IU9RHCxdrNXUWPkfhlUzpVLBJc0XLyOUQjineAEjiK9qxfCyxUmVv/s1600/gambar+10.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 10. Outlet reaktor biogas yang telah selesai dan siap digunakan</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Outlet
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">juga dapat dibuat dari pasangan batu kali.Semua dimensi yang
digunakan untuk <i>outlet </i>yang terbuat dari pasangan batu bata dapat
digunakan untuk pasangan batu kali.Berikut adalah contoh pemasangan <i>outlet </i>dari
pasangan batu kali.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLh_Uc137bwiy4gOElqBe3-gtm-FaJOMIrfDhPza2X_eCuZv3Rc4YxZla74hUmex07dafDVzErF6SEZ1p-s-blccz2N4VUPNc5zB3IG0JVAwkICQsNwYv21Zao56HBSMtXlph8i1BGnFa-/s1600/gambar+11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLh_Uc137bwiy4gOElqBe3-gtm-FaJOMIrfDhPza2X_eCuZv3Rc4YxZla74hUmex07dafDVzErF6SEZ1p-s-blccz2N4VUPNc5zB3IG0JVAwkICQsNwYv21Zao56HBSMtXlph8i1BGnFa-/s1600/gambar+11.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 11. Outlet reaktor biogas dari pasangan batu kali</span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-68542871188496047672017-07-15T22:15:00.003+07:002017-07-15T22:15:44.778+07:00Pekerjaan Turret Reaktor Biogas<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Turret</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-style: italic;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">adalah menara
kecil yang terdapat di atas kubah reaktor biogas. Fungsi <i>Turret </i>adalah untuk melindungi
pipa gas utama agar terlindung dari gangguan yang dapat menyebabkan pipa gas
utama bergeser dari posisi semula. <i>Turret </i>dipasang paling lambat sehari
setelah kubah dilapisi semen.Jika terlambat, dapat menyebabkan kebocoran antara
pipa gas utama dan kubah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Pembangunan
menara kecil ini harus dilakukan pada saat beton di permukaan luar kubah
kering.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;"> Menara dapat dibangun dengan menggunakan beton apabila ada
sisa adukan dari lapisan kubah.Ukuran menara disesuaikan dengan ukuran batu dan
batu bata. Menara boleh berbentuk persegi atau lingkaran. Jika berbentuk
persegi ukuran </span><i style="color: windowtext;">Turret </i><span style="color: windowtext;">adalah 36 x 36 cm sedangkan apabila dibuat
berbentuk lingkaran, diameternya harus sebesar 20 cm. Tinggi menara
sekurang-kurangnya adalah 40 cm.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;"> Langkah-langkah untuk pemasangan </span><i style="color: windowtext;">Turret </i><span style="color: windowtext;">adalah
sebagai berikut :</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;">1. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;">Jika bahan yang
digunakan batu bata maka gambar dulu <i>lay out</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;">Turret </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;">di atas kubah.
Kemudian pasang batu bata. Selalu periksa kedataran, ketegakan, kelurusan dan
kerataan pasangan <i>Turret</i>. Pemeriksaan dilakukan setiap pemasangan 1
lapisan selesai.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNmViJjaFF6aMiHtYMoktVTe9sbN_QlOWsYHUmtB3gCSwdfRX8eeya9cWdkPtnnAIUKhkeGFynl9rzflsa_e8qolJ3lLlO9ND_FXpoRf980orHFCebdQwLeT62QmD6EHc73ED4FSdWdWRu/s1600/gambar+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNmViJjaFF6aMiHtYMoktVTe9sbN_QlOWsYHUmtB3gCSwdfRX8eeya9cWdkPtnnAIUKhkeGFynl9rzflsa_e8qolJ3lLlO9ND_FXpoRf980orHFCebdQwLeT62QmD6EHc73ED4FSdWdWRu/s1600/gambar+1.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 1. Memeriksa kedataran pemasangan bata</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Periksa kesikuan setiap pemasangan 1 lapisan
selesai.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnjJLhL94My0uF7Xb3UpksDkQxxkx0T7O0L2ftNyTicEQF8PdfCiRMrc0O3FNiPmUVQDVHqPSYN68lO89x4SCMKwZI2vAEwu_dvWI_IwU4JI86A6-5xwAN6pfEG34q6OBOP01yJgBbDY7m/s1600/gambar+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnjJLhL94My0uF7Xb3UpksDkQxxkx0T7O0L2ftNyTicEQF8PdfCiRMrc0O3FNiPmUVQDVHqPSYN68lO89x4SCMKwZI2vAEwu_dvWI_IwU4JI86A6-5xwAN6pfEG34q6OBOP01yJgBbDY7m/s1600/gambar+2.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 2. Memeriksa kesikuan pemasangan bata</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">3. </span>Lakukan
pem</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">p</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">lesteran <i>Turret</i>.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQlaG-uEUsCzRGVgt-Nr3Xmxg4a3T8lG_CPFZrnTkvmZgeXlWRXXJhdJl9kXK7Jy9rXoPVS6bPZGBH86nVTgApjUGLL4sqL3sjPnqkuJpshAT66Pk3rIQb6VBAfbnxckXcTefRpxPbSaeQ/s1600/gambar+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="376" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQlaG-uEUsCzRGVgt-Nr3Xmxg4a3T8lG_CPFZrnTkvmZgeXlWRXXJhdJl9kXK7Jy9rXoPVS6bPZGBH86nVTgApjUGLL4sqL3sjPnqkuJpshAT66Pk3rIQb6VBAfbnxckXcTefRpxPbSaeQ/s1600/gambar+3.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 3. Memplester turret reaktor biogas</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">4.Lakukan
pengacian pada </span><i style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Turret</i><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtvWmuQVbOFO8vEuYLLNFlGsgv1Rsa2QykqYK9OcRxS4XfiXJDtgb-nDZRFsfGnoN4AGG8gLp5C0HffzxpPjTg1rX_9ZdG4TZXjC1hmkCA-9zGNjaXXcJLRQ6GYGrjNB8wk6vto4xXgDfI/s1600/gambar+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtvWmuQVbOFO8vEuYLLNFlGsgv1Rsa2QykqYK9OcRxS4XfiXJDtgb-nDZRFsfGnoN4AGG8gLp5C0HffzxpPjTg1rX_9ZdG4TZXjC1hmkCA-9zGNjaXXcJLRQ6GYGrjNB8wk6vto4xXgDfI/s1600/gambar+4.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 4. Mengaci turret reaktor biogas</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">5. Pasang</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">lah</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">Turret </span></i><span lang="EN-US">dengan menggunakan
adukan beton dan berbentuk persegi. Buat</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">lah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">
terlebih dahulu bekisting <i>Turret</i></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">, kemudian pasang pada <i>Turret</i> dan masukkan adukan beton dengan
campuran 1 : 3 : 5 atau 6. Berilah perkuatan untuk</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">men</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">jaga agar bekisting t</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">idak bergeser.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp3avt-BcnvLuMQiN6Sa412APtHVQn9_yo877sraS3hGrpwAZ5HMTE29E4dYbWdnIoJxSqyecbu21pJYRZwjgq7CWmq1OGgq8e3WMw5htN9Wjy0Rm3YNveqewGMnJFwUotNJKz_mOn0kBr/s1600/gambar+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="352" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp3avt-BcnvLuMQiN6Sa412APtHVQn9_yo877sraS3hGrpwAZ5HMTE29E4dYbWdnIoJxSqyecbu21pJYRZwjgq7CWmq1OGgq8e3WMw5htN9Wjy0Rm3YNveqewGMnJFwUotNJKz_mOn0kBr/s1600/gambar+5.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 5.<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Memasang bekisting turret berbentuk persegi dari
beton</span> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. Setelah
Turret selesai dicor, maka lakukan pendinginan dengan menutupinya dengan karung
basah.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggIqzoPchHSVYAqLbTmd6tLkHHg3KvvXODPAKxET1FZrMEtVxKbP1QMh2pCALSqnZaTbXzaQ3xFMNyUcZUGCFJiXxF7bOkj2ehdvUNXwOBQdD7tkl6oDls2d5s6WqWnJNcWurfpP8D3rv9/s1600/gambar+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggIqzoPchHSVYAqLbTmd6tLkHHg3KvvXODPAKxET1FZrMEtVxKbP1QMh2pCALSqnZaTbXzaQ3xFMNyUcZUGCFJiXxF7bOkj2ehdvUNXwOBQdD7tkl6oDls2d5s6WqWnJNcWurfpP8D3rv9/s1600/gambar+6.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 6. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;">Turret reaktor biogas </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 105%;">yang telah selesai
dicor</span></span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-21231797452655684942017-07-06T08:41:00.003+07:002023-10-27T09:25:32.868+07:00Buku Merancang, Membangun dan Mengelola Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikro Hidro (PLTMH)<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Daerah pedesaan atau daerah terpencil dan tertinggal di seluruh Indonesia memiliki potensi
sumber daya air yang dapat dikembangkan menjadi pembangkit listrik tenaga mikro
hidro (PLTMH). PLTMH merupakan salah satu solusi yang dapat
digunakan untuk mendapatkan energi listrik bagi daerah pedesaaan atau daerah tertinggal yang belum terjangkau jaringan listrik PLN. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Keberadaan PLTMH sudah menjadi
kebutuhan sekaligus alternatif dalam rangka pemenuhan kebutuhan energi listrik
bagi masyarakat di daerah pedesaan dan daerah tertinggal tersebut. Data menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 14.198 desa di Indonesia yang belum memiliki akses listrik yang memadai, padahal desa-desa di daerah terpencil atau tertinggal tersebut secara umum memiliki potensi sumber daya air yang dapat dikembangkan menjadi
sumber energi listrik (PLTMH).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> Selain daerah pedesaan, daerah aliran
sungai (DAS) di sekitar hutan juga berpotensi dibangunnya PLTMH yang dapat
bermanfaat untuk masyarakat sekitar hutan tersebut. Dengan berbasis pada
revitalisasi hutan sebagai pengatur tata air yang merupakan salah satu fungsi
hutan yang vital bagi hajat hidup
masyarakat dengan perhatian utama pada peningkatan kesejahteraan, kesadaran dan
kepedulian masyarakat melalui pengembangan manfaat hasil air. Dengan strategi pokoknya
adalah memenuhi kebutuhan dasar masyarakat dengan mengoptimalkan manfaat air
dari hutan yang langsung dapat diolah dan dirasakan oleh masyarakat dalam
bentuk PLTMH.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> PLTMH adalah pembangkit listrik yang menggunakan tenaga air
sebagai sumber energi penggerak utama untuk dapat menghasilkan energi listrik.
Energi listrik dapat dihasilkan apabila air sebagai sumber tenaga penggerak
bisa tersedia dalam jumlah yang cukup secara terus menerus (kontinu). </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Dengan demikian, karena PLTMH berbasis
masyarakat dan bersifat memenuhi kebutuhan lokal, maka peran serta masyarakat
untuk ikut bertanggung jawab atas keberlangsungan PLTMH sangat diperlukan.
Tanggung jawab itu adalah mengenai pengelolaan PLTMH, yang mencakup penyediaan,
pembangunan, pengoperasian dan pemeliharaan bagian-baigan utama dari sebuah
sistem PLTMH seperti :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: -18pt;">- Aliran
air dari sungai sebagai sumber energi,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: -18pt;">- Saluran
air,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: -18pt;">-Turbin,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: -18pt;">- Generator,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: -18pt;">- Panel sistem
kontrol arus listrik,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: -18pt;">- Jaringan distribusi listrik,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: -18pt;">- Alat
ukur (meteran) daya listrik,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: -18pt;">- Instalasi l</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: -18pt;">istrik rumah tangga,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: -18pt;">- Aspek
yang berkaitan langsung dengan manusia sebagai pengguna energi listrik
tersebut.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> Nah,
bagaimana agar air dapat tersedia dalam jumlah yang cukup secara kontinu, bagaimana merancang turbin agar dapat digerakkan oleh air tersebut, bagaimana membuat komponen PLTMH, bagimana membangun sistem PLTMH secara keseluruhan, dan bagaimana mengelola PLTMH yang telah dibangun atau didirikan agar dapat berlangsung dan bermanfaat bagi masyarakat dalam waktu yang tidak terbatas, semuanya telah dikupas dalam buku ini. Untuk lebih jelasnya berikut ini disajikan daftar isi dari buku ini, yakni sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR ISI BUKU<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
Kata
Pengantar ………………………………………………...………………………
i</div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Daftar
Isi …………………………………………………………..………………… ii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">BAB I. </span>PENDAHULUAN
........................................................................................... 1<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">BAB II. </span>KOMPONEN PLTMH<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Aliran Air Sungai<span lang="EN-US"> ………………………</span>............<span lang="EN-US">…………...………...….. 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Bendungan <span lang="EN-US">…………………</span>...........<span lang="EN-US">………………………...……………
7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Saluran Terbuka (Headrace) <span lang="EN-US">…………….…………</span>....<span lang="EN-US">………...………... </span>7<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Bak Pengendap/Penenang
(Forebay)<span lang="EN-US"> ……………</span>....<span lang="EN-US">……………...…..…. </span>8<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">E.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Saluran Tertutup/Pipa Pesat
(Penstock) <span lang="EN-US">……………………</span>....<span lang="EN-US">……...…… </span>9<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">F.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Rumah Pembangkit (Power House)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Turbin ...................................................................................................
11<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Kincir.Rotor
...................................................................................
14<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Badan turbin (Turbine Body)
......................................................... 15<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pengatur Air (Inlet Guide Vane)
.................................................... 15<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Stang/Tuas Penggerak (Regulator
Wheel) ..................................... 16<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pulley dan Belt
...............................................................................
17<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Inlet Adapter
..................................................................................
18<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Rangka Dudukan Turbin (Base
Frame) ......................................... 19 </div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Generator Sinkron ................................................................................
20<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">BAB III. </span>PERANCANGAN PLTMH <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">S</span>osialisasi Kegiatan<span lang="EN-US">………………………………</span>.........<span lang="EN-US">.…...………… </span>25<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Perancangan Teknis<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengukuran Debit Aliran Sungai .......................................................
29<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengukuran Jarak Lapang dan
Beda Ketinggian ............................... 31</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pemancangan Patok
........................................................................... 32</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pe</span>rancangan Kebutuhan Bahan dan Biaya ...<span lang="EN-US">………………………….. </span>33<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">BAB IV. </span>PEMBANGUNAN PLTMH<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Persiapan Bahan dan
Pengorganisasian Tenaga Kerja <span lang="EN-US"> ………………... </span>36<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembuatan Turbin<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Peralatan Yang Diperlukan
................................................................ 37<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Bahan Yang Diperlukan
..................................................................... 38<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembuatan Dinding Badan Turbin
..................................................... 39<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembuatan Rangka Pintu
Kincir/Rotor .............................................. 40<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembuatan Dudukan Bearing
............................................................ 42<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembuatan Kincir/Rotor
.................................................................... 44<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembuatan Piringan (Disk) ................................................................
46<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembuatan bilah Rotor (Runner
Blade) ............................................. 47<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembuatan As Kincir/Rotor
............................................................... 48<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembuatan Inlet Guide Vane
............................................................. 51<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembuatan Stang/Tuas Pengatur
(Regulator Wheel) ......................... 54<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembuatan Inlet Adapter
.................................................................... 55<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembuatan Saringan
........................................................................... 58</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembangunan Saluran Terbuka
(Headrace)<span lang="EN-US"> ……………</span>..<span lang="EN-US">………..…… </span>59<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembangunan Bak
Pengendap/Penenang (Forebay)<span lang="EN-US">
…………</span>.<span lang="EN-US">…...…..
</span>60<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">E.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembangunan Dudukan dan
Pemasangan Turbin <span lang="EN-US">…</span>...<span lang="EN-US">……………..….. </span>63<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">F.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pemasangan Generator dan Belt
.............................................................. 66<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">G.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pemasangan Pipa Pesat
(Penstock) .......................................................... 67<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">H.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembangunan Rumah Pembangkit
(Power House) ................................. 68<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">I.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembangunan Bendungan
........................................................................ 69<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">J.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Perakitan Panel Distribusi
........................................................................ 70<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">K.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pemasangan Jaringan Kabel Utama
......................................................... 75</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">L.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pemasangan Instalasi Kabel
Rumah ........................................................ 77<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">M.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pengoperasian PLTMH ............................................................................
79<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">BAB V. PE</span>NGELOLAAN PLTMH<span lang="EN-US">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pe</span>ngelolaan<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Perencanaan<span lang="EN-US"> ………</span>..................<span lang="EN-US">…………………….…....…………
</span>82<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pe</span>ngorganisasian <span lang="EN-US">……………………</span>..............<span lang="EN-US">…….……...……….. </span>82<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pe</span>ngarahan<span lang="EN-US">
……………………</span>......................<span lang="EN-US">..……………..……... </span>83<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pengawasan
........................................................................................ 84</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">P</span>otensi Pengurus dan Pelanggan PLTMH<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pengurus PLTMH<span lang="EN-US"> ……………</span>.....<span lang="EN-US">……………………………...….. </span>85<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Tugas dan Fungsi Pengurus PLTMH<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Persyaratan Teknis Pengurus
PLTMH .......................................... 86<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Tugas dan Fungsi Badan Pengawas
PLTMH ............................... 87<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Tugas dan Fungsi Pengelola
PLTMH ........................................... 87<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Kriteria Pengelola PLTMH
........................................................... 90</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pelanggan PLTMH<span lang="EN-US"> …………………</span>...<span lang="EN-US">…………………………..... </span>91<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Organisasi PLTMH
.............................................................................
91</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Sistem Pengelolaan PLTMH<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pengelolaan Energi Listrik
PLTMH<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Prinsip Pengelolaan Energi
Listrik PLTMH ................................. 95<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Sosialisasi Pemanfaatan Energi
Listrik PLTMH .......................... 97</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Aturan Penting Pengelolaan
PLTMH<span lang="EN-US"> …………………….…</span>..<span lang="EN-US">….... </span>103<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Cara Penetapan Tarif Listrik
PLTMH<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Harga Listrik Tanpa Meteran
...................................................... 105<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Harga Penggunaan Listrik (HP)
.................................................. 106</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Prosedur Perhitungan Tarif
Listrik PLTMH<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Tarif Dasar atau Iuran
Langganan .............................................. 109<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Tarif Energi atau Tarif
Konsumsi Listrik ................................... 109<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Tarif Tetap
..................................................................................
110<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Perubahan Tarif ...........................................................................
111</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->On Grid dan Off Grid Energi
Listrik PLTMH .................................. 111<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Peran Pengelola PLTMH<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Perbaikan Kualitas Hidup
........................................................... 113<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pengembangan Kapasitas
Organisasi Masyarakat ...................... 114<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Agen Pemberdayaan Masyarakat
................................................ 114</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembukuan Keuangan PLTMH<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pengantar Pembukuan Keuangan
............................................... 114<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Identifikasi Biaya Investasi
......................................................... 115<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Identifikasi Jenis-Jenis
Penerimaan dan Pengeluaran ................. 116<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Perhitungan Biaya Pengelolaan
PLTMH .................................... 118<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembukuan (Bookkeeping)
......................................................... 121<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Perencanaan Pembukuan Keuangan
........................................... 125<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pengeloaan Keuangan
................................................................. 137<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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LAMPIRAN 1 : CONTOH ANGGARAN DASAR PLTMH
..................................... 144</div>
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LAMPIRAN 2 : CONTOH ANGGARAN RUMAH TANGGA PLTMH
................. 151 <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span><span lang="EN-US"> …………………………………………………………......... </span>161<o:p></o:p></div>
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Bagi sobat blogger yang berminat dengan buku ini, seperti biasa pihak penerbit telah menyediakan buku ini dalam 2 pilihan bentuk, yaitu :</div>
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<b>1. Bentuk buku cetak pada kertas glossy 230 gram (cover), kertas HVS 70 gram (isi), ukuran 28 x 20 cm, setebal 168 halaman, hanya seharga Rp.100.000 belum termasuk ongkos kirim (pengiriman buku via POS, JNE atau J&T).</b></div>
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<b>2. Bentuk ebook yang dikemas dalam kepingan CD/DVD dengan format file PDF sebesar 9 MB, hanya seharga Rp. 55.000 belum termasuk ongkos kirim (pengiriman casing dan keping CD/DVD via POS, JNE atau J&T).</b></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-56304776032440022282017-07-03T20:44:00.000+07:002017-07-03T20:44:15.336+07:00Pengecoran Plat Penutup Outlet Reaktor Biogas<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Fungsi dari penutup <i>outlet adalah </i>untuk menghindari
manusia (khususnya anak-anak) dan hewan jatuh ke dalamnya dan untuk menghambat
air hujan masuk ke dalam reaktor dan membantu mencegah penguapan <i>bio-slurry </i>pada
musim kering. Ukuran dari plat penutup <i>outlet </i>adalah sedemikian rupa
sehingga mudah dibawa oleh 3 – 4 orang. P</span><span style="color: windowtext;">lat p</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">enutup <i>outlet
</i>dapat dicor bersamaan pada saat proses pengecoran kubah</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> dengan c</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">ampuran adukan beton</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">1 : 2
: 4</span><span style="color: windowtext;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">maksudnya adalah agar :</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">1. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Adukan
sisa pengecoran kubah dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pengecoran plat penutup <i>outlet</i>.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">2. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Pengecoran
yang lebih awal akan memperpanjang umur perawatan beton pada saat akan
dipindahkan dari tempat pengecoran ke <i>outlet </i>yaitu menjadi paling tidak
5 hari. Perlu diketahui bahwa plat ini nantinya harus diangkat dari tempat
pengecoran, sehingga plat harus mempunyai kekuatan.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;"> Yang perlu diperhatikan juga adalah hindari adanya lubang
pada pelat, untuk menghindari karat pada tulangan akibat uap pada <i>Outlet</i>,
jika terdapat lubang maka harus segera ditutup dengan adukan serta pada saat
meletakkan pelat penutup <i>Outlet </i>ke atas <i>Outlet</i>, maka bagian atas
harus tetap berada di atas, tidak boleh terbalik. Agar plat penutup <i>outlet </i>dapat
diangkat oleh 3 – 4</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;"> maka ukurannya
sebaiknya mengikuti sebagaimana terdapat pada tabel berikut ini.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="DefaultCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tabel 1. Ukuran plat penutup outlet dan
tulangan yang dibutuhkan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 32.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.0pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ukuran Reaktor<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ukuran Penutup<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Cm)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.15pt;" valign="top" width="75">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jumlah Penutup<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Diameter Besi Tulangan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jumlah Batang Besi Baja Yg Dibutuhkan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Panjang <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: black; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lebar <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.0pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">164<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">62<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.15pt;" valign="top" width="75">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.0pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">174<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">68<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.15pt;" valign="top" width="75">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.0pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">184<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">72<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.15pt;" valign="top" width="75">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">10<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">204<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">78<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.15pt;" valign="top" width="75">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">10<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">12<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">224<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">82<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.15pt;" valign="top" width="75">
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<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">10<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div align="center" class="DefaultCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">*)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Tebal plat
penutup <i>outlet </i>adalah 6 – 7,5 cm dengan selimut beton sebesar 2 – 2,5
cm.</span><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;"> Langkah-langkah pengecoran plat penutup </span><i style="color: windowtext;">outlet </i><span style="color: windowtext;">adalah
sebagai berikut :</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;">1. Siapkan bekisting
untuk pengecoran plat penutup <i>outlet</i>.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_PVt-g9YfoyEdgcnKcdxGPjxGpHPwBEWjXRTBk5EJwLn9kp0TbZ8X94-WVt0OmVFlLH2tjKK4n6XTUFCP8gT5iuvcydOiG8Pa6ylaLbSp6tu6TXfjt2G2CkmbipgoZS4ZbA43wnbR1Xa5/s1600/gambar+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_PVt-g9YfoyEdgcnKcdxGPjxGpHPwBEWjXRTBk5EJwLn9kp0TbZ8X94-WVt0OmVFlLH2tjKK4n6XTUFCP8gT5iuvcydOiG8Pa6ylaLbSp6tu6TXfjt2G2CkmbipgoZS4ZbA43wnbR1Xa5/s1600/gambar+1.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 1. Memasang bekisting plat penutup O<i>utlet</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">2. </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Potong
besi tulangan sesuai dengan kebutuhan.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT6RnvZ9swbNE6ZPd3hjGvfFaNuT-xD-9m0xrXh9LDjUAksNlGL2xvKA6ASHZNcXXuKFlLDsJqe63sdicHEKiTyEx84WRPFVLhA8E_9oj-dJNARJQJDO9ddJP6KEMFr9NpbqxHykuVMsJt/s1600/gambar+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="383" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT6RnvZ9swbNE6ZPd3hjGvfFaNuT-xD-9m0xrXh9LDjUAksNlGL2xvKA6ASHZNcXXuKFlLDsJqe63sdicHEKiTyEx84WRPFVLhA8E_9oj-dJNARJQJDO9ddJP6KEMFr9NpbqxHykuVMsJt/s1600/gambar+2.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 2. <span style="color: windowtext;">Memotong besi tulangan plat
penutup outlet</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">3.</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Pasang
besi tulangan pada bekisting.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJy4ywffz5PTxSVYYnMqT2Wnn0ZQ9AsTDomf6slWHCjYKWJCjRtJi8af07ESUomMKRhOT0ktpa1n94mdZMzy4qk8vXp05ZzfKszArrHlUGYFnsiexWkmVWX-Z0SV7jDiCLWXwK2_oUU-wc/s1600/gambar+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJy4ywffz5PTxSVYYnMqT2Wnn0ZQ9AsTDomf6slWHCjYKWJCjRtJi8af07ESUomMKRhOT0ktpa1n94mdZMzy4qk8vXp05ZzfKszArrHlUGYFnsiexWkmVWX-Z0SV7jDiCLWXwK2_oUU-wc/s1600/gambar+3.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 3. Memasang besi tulangan plat penutup O<i>utlet</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">4. </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Lakukan
pengecoran beton pada bekisting</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">,</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtwhiOiIiR6W6HHp3z-hOT8Hv6aj2w-ojr2Dgjk5ydR8jFDicr9Hw9T5BVf0z1-8rXT5jjxdpJlBhuaRIx1AttV0hVLXy50rGbUeqidOu3eK458vHLX4MY8SmGMJg8R_EfYUKlYp1J4gEX/s1600/gambar+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtwhiOiIiR6W6HHp3z-hOT8Hv6aj2w-ojr2Dgjk5ydR8jFDicr9Hw9T5BVf0z1-8rXT5jjxdpJlBhuaRIx1AttV0hVLXy50rGbUeqidOu3eK458vHLX4MY8SmGMJg8R_EfYUKlYp1J4gEX/s1600/gambar+4.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 4 Mengecor plat penutup outlet. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="text-indent: -24px;">5. </span><span style="text-indent: -24px;">Rapikan permukaan plat penutup </span><i style="text-indent: -24px;">outlet, </i><span style="text-indent: -24px;">dan perlu diperhatikan bahwa pegangan untuk mengangkat beton dapat dibuat/dipasang tergantung dari permintaan pemakai/pengguna.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8j_2sJHUwaXq3zJMKyHIr5tT1zh7Rse5HhIJEYclevwTCYz3UhMFZ1YxKqPvIKRacfaXz_Ya2x3344RK-BoV5C-InwNs5tq32o-tHVhlWNQsKexrI1OuhtW8NPv5AZJUUDf8ZbYkSxSwH/s1600/gambar+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8j_2sJHUwaXq3zJMKyHIr5tT1zh7Rse5HhIJEYclevwTCYz3UhMFZ1YxKqPvIKRacfaXz_Ya2x3344RK-BoV5C-InwNs5tq32o-tHVhlWNQsKexrI1OuhtW8NPv5AZJUUDf8ZbYkSxSwH/s1600/gambar+5.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 5. <span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;">Plat penutup <i>Outlet</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;">setelah selesai dicor</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">6. R</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">awat</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">lah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> plat penutup O<i>utlet</i></span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">sama </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">seperti perawatan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">
kubah, yaitu harus dibasahi secara teratur untuk mengurangi panas yang
berlebihan.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;"> Agar dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;"> memeriksa isi <i>outlet </i>tanpa harus membuka plat penutup</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;">, maka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;"> dapat dibuatkan lubang dari pipa PVC. Lubang ini nantinya
ditutup dengan menggunakan <i>dop</i>. Membuat lubang dengan pipa PVC merupakan
</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;">pilihan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;"> dan bukan suatu keharusan dan tidak dianjurkan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -24px;">Kelemahan dari pembuatan lubang ini adalah adanya kemungkinan
anak-anak yang bermain di tempat itu dan membuka serta memasukkan batu-batu
kecil ke dalam lubang.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 105%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;">Sebelum menempatkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;">plat penutup Outlet
pada tempatnya, maka pada saat akan diangkat periksa bagian bawah plat apakah
ada lubang-lubang kecil. Jika ada segera tutup bagian itu dengan campuran semen
dan pasir 1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;">2 </span><span style="line-height: 105%;">atau</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;"> 3.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuVPkYrJFrPBzn9-e0kZ4DfaXSWZI4Eh9gLY5GjHIhyphenhyphenpyat-IdXq56VDt6883qx6zPOiEVWM8Hbt46TLbMgDV9QBtK8MLrqn3YyvRrbBra-3elII5Mo06DYGM1uvW0_5hIGexbEQIqR15j/s1600/gambar+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuVPkYrJFrPBzn9-e0kZ4DfaXSWZI4Eh9gLY5GjHIhyphenhyphenpyat-IdXq56VDt6883qx6zPOiEVWM8Hbt46TLbMgDV9QBtK8MLrqn3YyvRrbBra-3elII5Mo06DYGM1uvW0_5hIGexbEQIqR15j/s1600/gambar+6.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 105%;">Gambar 6. </span>Mengangkat plat penutup outlet </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOQla_aJi_JZt2GH-76YXXyQpmC0eILE-4yEI2zE7QtkwjyP8JfGel9cPMIcQGWVMR-bRs-ZWxMOvZ0J9OYGCXyX6V7Bfh4CDUjsVfD_jiRUeIYqdNC0xMSYEwj293CDX1u0fM44jT3bq-/s1600/gambar+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOQla_aJi_JZt2GH-76YXXyQpmC0eILE-4yEI2zE7QtkwjyP8JfGel9cPMIcQGWVMR-bRs-ZWxMOvZ0J9OYGCXyX6V7Bfh4CDUjsVfD_jiRUeIYqdNC0xMSYEwj293CDX1u0fM44jT3bq-/s1600/gambar+7.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar 7.Memeriksa bagian bawah penutup outlet </span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://margionoabdil.blogspot.com, http://facebook.com/margiono abdil, http://twitter.com/margionoabdil, http://edmodo.com/margionoabdil</div>MARGIONO ABDIL BERBAGIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09405053507441195511noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3852692471164534713.post-75821068733149046142017-05-12T09:02:00.002+07:002017-05-12T09:02:25.717+07:00Pengecoran Kubah Reaktor Biogas<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Kubah merupakan salah satu bagian konstruksi reaktor biogas
yang paling penting, artinya apabila terjadi kebocoran akibat kesalahan
pekerjaan konstruksi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">maka akan diperlukan
pekerjaan </span><span style="color: windowtext;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> waktu yang banyak untuk memperbaikinya. Oleh karena itu
pengecoran kubah harus dilakukan dengan sangat hati-hati dan teliti.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Pengecoran kubah dilakukan setelah cetakan kubah dari tanah
selesai dikerjakan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Mal untuk
pengecoran kubah dapat terbuat dari besi maupun kayu</span><span style="color: windowtext;">, dan j</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">ika tidak ada </span><span style="color: windowtext;">mal </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">maka dapat
digunakan patok-patok kayu kecil yang ditanam pada bekisting dengan bagian yang
menonjol sesuai dengan ketebalan kubah pada masing-masing posisi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Bagian yang menonjol inilah yang nantinya dijadikan patokan
untuk pengecoran kubah. Pada akhir pengecoran pipa gas utama harus dipasang dan
tidak </span><span style="color: windowtext;">perlu </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">menunggu hingga beton</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> cor</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> mengering,
karena hal ini akan menyebabkan kemungkinan terjadinya kebocoran pada sambungan
sangat besar. Pipa gas utama harus dipasang setegak mungkin dan untuk itu dapat
digunakan unting-unting atau lot. Tetapi cara paling praktis adalah menggunakan
waterpass.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> Sebagaimana di</span><span style="color: windowtext;">jelas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">kan </span><span style="color: windowtext;">bahwa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">mal yang terbuat dari besi adalah mal yang kita gunakan p</span><span style="color: windowtext;">ada saat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> pembuatan cetakan kubah dari tanah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Sebagai acuan ketebalan kubah dapat digunakan sebatang pipa PVC.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">Gambar-gambar berikut </span><span style="color: windowtext;">ini </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">menunjukkan mal
yang terbuat dari besi maupun kayu. Campuran beton</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> cor</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> yang digunakan untuk kubah adalah 1 : 2 : 3</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> (1 bagian semen, 2 bagian kerikil dan 3 bagian pasir).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">
Setelah pengecoran </span><span style="color: windowtext;">kubah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">selesai</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> dan sebelum kering benar, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">kubah harus dirawat dengan cara disiram</span><span style="color: windowtext;">i</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> air. Beton dianggap telah mempunyai kekuatan setelah berumur
3 hari, yaitu sebesar ± 40% dari kekuatan pada umur 28 hari.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"> Langkah-langkah </span><span style="color: windowtext;">dalam melakaukan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">pengecoran
kubah adalah sebagai berikut :</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">1)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Mempersiapkan
mal besi dengan menggunakan pipa PVC</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> berukuran ½ in atau ¾ in</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">
sebagai acuan ketebalan beton</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> cor</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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Gambar 1 Membuat mal besi</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;">2) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;">Setelah mal disiapkan, </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;">kemudian</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;"> curahkan adukan </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;">cor </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;">di atas cetakan,
dimulai dari </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;">bagian </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;">yang paling bawah.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
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Gambar 2 Mencurahkan adukan cor pada bagian bawah</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">3) </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Selanjutnya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> curahkan adukan </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">cor </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">secara
perlahan-lahan ke bagian atas mengikuti lengkungan mal. Adukan</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> cor</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> jangan ditekan terlalu keras, karena hal ini akan menyebabkan
adukan menekan cetakan kubah.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
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Gambar 3. Mencurahkan adukan cor ke bagian atas</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;">4) </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;">Lakukan
pengec</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;">or</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;">an kubah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;"> bagian demi bagian</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;"> hingga selesai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 105%; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
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Gambar 4. Mengecor kubah bagian demi bagian</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">5)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Siapkan tempat pemasangan pipa gas utama pada b</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">agian puncak </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">kubah dengan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">tidak </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">menge</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">cor</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">nya secara</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> penuh</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">, karena pada bagian tersebut </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">nantinya
sebagai tempat untuk meletakkan pipa gas utama.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
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Gambar 5. Menyiapkan tempat pemasangan pipa gas</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">6)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Lakukan pem</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">asang</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">an</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> pipa gas utama</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> pada bagian puncak kubah yang telah disiapkan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
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Gambar 6. Memasang pipa gas</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">7)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Pastikan
posisi pipa gas utama benar-benar tegak</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> dengan menggunakan unting-unting (lot)
ataupun waterpass.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7ZwoCp62J1AUqkPzoWDt8S2jeHN0x-1mMg5tTESYfPmSJGcgwSiNIhFZkb41FAMTY4hZrXazXoXDi6z6nnrtsiFmDDFckfoSLRCon7TlNgruzH37M3CkS2AKZTZUujM6OSUQ9DBvX3Yn8/s1600/posisi+tegak+pipa+gas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7ZwoCp62J1AUqkPzoWDt8S2jeHN0x-1mMg5tTESYfPmSJGcgwSiNIhFZkb41FAMTY4hZrXazXoXDi6z6nnrtsiFmDDFckfoSLRCon7TlNgruzH37M3CkS2AKZTZUujM6OSUQ9DBvX3Yn8/s1600/posisi+tegak+pipa+gas.jpg" /></a></div>
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Gambar 7. Mengukur posisi tegak lurus pipa gas</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">8)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Rapikan
permukaan</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> cor</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> kubah setelah pipa gas utama selesai dipasang.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbeNu1R8bX17Dx6Tq14Hb5FZyGASwP76jU0vq9bSI1LRcmtKsVFbABIPYeGL1K1HugXyhI00vdWXP4zFxcZ2JxjkVmaqRWDYsk-hEC5XyeCzHPrstXBzGgtefRhMoT48nFSRSeWgUdLGe-/s1600/rapikan+cor+kubah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbeNu1R8bX17Dx6Tq14Hb5FZyGASwP76jU0vq9bSI1LRcmtKsVFbABIPYeGL1K1HugXyhI00vdWXP4zFxcZ2JxjkVmaqRWDYsk-hEC5XyeCzHPrstXBzGgtefRhMoT48nFSRSeWgUdLGe-/s1600/rapikan+cor+kubah.jpg" /></a></div>
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Gambar 8. Merapikan permukaan cor kubah reaktor biogas</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">9)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Setelah
pengecoran selesai kubah harus sering disiram air untuk mencegah terjadinya
susut beton</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> cor</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> akibat panas
yang berlebihan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Penyiraman harus
menunggu beton </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">cor </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">agak kering
terlebih dahulu.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Bila </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">pengecoran </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">beton selesai menjelang malam maka sebaiknya digunakan karung
basah untuk mengurangi panas yang terjadi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">10)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">Alternatif
lain untuk melakukan pengecoran kubah adalah dengan </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">m</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">engguna</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">k</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">an mal dari
kayu. Mal kayu dibuat dari papan atau multipleks dengan membentuknya sesuai
dengan gambar m</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">al. Skema gambar mal kubah reaktor
biogas untuk volume tangki pencerna 4
m³, 6 m³, 8 m³, 10 m³ dan 12 m³ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">dapat dilihat </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-indent: -18pt;">pada gambar 2..83 di bawah ini.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPENxoU5UepcYUC4C2kibQCeVbHuUGNUkRM1CeeC6ZorCwslQ6OQ0Nga36Cmmyp025URcEQQCmC70akwXdHROuvhC14kq66vbEyUTW-T_hNMezBh_0yGYeu36g0jrndYWnPwBvoUSdeeRd/s1600/cor+kubah+dg+mal+triplek.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPENxoU5UepcYUC4C2kibQCeVbHuUGNUkRM1CeeC6ZorCwslQ6OQ0Nga36Cmmyp025URcEQQCmC70akwXdHROuvhC14kq66vbEyUTW-T_hNMezBh_0yGYeu36g0jrndYWnPwBvoUSdeeRd/s1600/cor+kubah+dg+mal+triplek.jpg" /></a></div>
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Gambar 9a. Mengecor kubah reaktor biogas dengan mal multiplek</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_N21omQLfL7b0uXGaIAgsa_o5V6CHd6X6LU6OBmNuwz20UD-pEAyR4lTDaKi12FxlPRAjOnLGUmNucUOFewGYUrepQwjaW3Dkav0HRmmbgVGHLjYog7rYMlBH2jgM9wVutablaWWbP5_h/s1600/cor+kubah+dg+mal+papan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_N21omQLfL7b0uXGaIAgsa_o5V6CHd6X6LU6OBmNuwz20UD-pEAyR4lTDaKi12FxlPRAjOnLGUmNucUOFewGYUrepQwjaW3Dkav0HRmmbgVGHLjYog7rYMlBH2jgM9wVutablaWWbP5_h/s1600/cor+kubah+dg+mal+papan.jpg" /></a></div>
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Gambar 9b. Mengecor kubah reaktor biogas dengan mal papan</div>
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Gambar 10a. Skema mal kubah reaktor biogas berukuran 4 m3</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWn3nykzRWqwnB1Bxnr3eYHuuj7k2N3pUDnenvvq70jjiOdxz8dXPxR2oGSM-oGDOB7yD9JNT-WN1JW-LHEaj5oPORWOyLr2IjOtgAjXpaSgP3L_N6SWGlgowcL7NN1mLOboKHzCWpdTRz/s1600/skema+mal+kubah+6m.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWn3nykzRWqwnB1Bxnr3eYHuuj7k2N3pUDnenvvq70jjiOdxz8dXPxR2oGSM-oGDOB7yD9JNT-WN1JW-LHEaj5oPORWOyLr2IjOtgAjXpaSgP3L_N6SWGlgowcL7NN1mLOboKHzCWpdTRz/s1600/skema+mal+kubah+6m.jpg" /></a></div>
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Gambar 10b. Skema mal kubah reaktor biogas berukuran 6 m3</div>
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Gambar 10c. Skema mal kubah reaktor biogas berukuran 8 m3</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBD-zd4NfiIkOlCYXn3K2Qwjrr8UYeCE8igSaGLAMVHQ-zt2kYU3K8OvTuy1ZlCWidk6vWitXsk09q-aoDKzAAFNjgbUQdZD5mZIYzTygOk8SUzROeb0aXe-t64d3njSy0nBKdEcc4WydN/s1600/skema+mal+kubah+10m.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBD-zd4NfiIkOlCYXn3K2Qwjrr8UYeCE8igSaGLAMVHQ-zt2kYU3K8OvTuy1ZlCWidk6vWitXsk09q-aoDKzAAFNjgbUQdZD5mZIYzTygOk8SUzROeb0aXe-t64d3njSy0nBKdEcc4WydN/s1600/skema+mal+kubah+10m.jpg" /></a></div>
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Gambar 10d. Skema mal kubah reaktor biogas berukuran 10 m3</div>
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Gambar 10e. Skema mal kubah reaktor biogas berukuran 12 m3</div>
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